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Chap 002

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Chapter 2

Early Trade
Theories:
Mercantilism and the
Transition to the
Classical World of
David Ricardo

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives

• Describe Mercantilist concepts and


policies.
• Examine Hume’s price-specie flow
mechanism and its challenge to
Mercantilist thought.
• Discuss Smith’s ideas of wealth and
absolute advantage as foundations
of international trade.

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Mercantilism

• A collection of economic thought in


Europe during the period between
1500 and 1750.
• Mercantilism is often called the
political economy of state building.

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The Mercantilist
Economic System
• A country’s wealth is measured by its
holdings of precious metals (logam
mulia) (specie).
• International trade is a zero sum
game.
• A country should maintain a positive
trade balance (that is, export more
than it imports).
• Mercantilism employed the labor
theory of value.

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The Role of Government
• “Bullionism”
• Substantial regulation of the
domestic economy, including
• governmental granting of monopolies,
and
• controls of labor through craft guilds.

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The Role of Government

• Policies to ensure low wages,


including
• policies to discourage importation and
encourage exportation, and
• policies to discourage exportation of
specie.

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The Paradox of
Mercantilism
To be rich, a country needed to have
a lot of poor people!

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The Challenge to
Mercantilism by Early
Classical Writers
 In the early 1700s, questions began
to emerge regarding the logic of
mercantilism.

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Hume’s Challenge: the
Price-Specie Flow
Mechanism
• Hume (mid-18th century): maintaining
a trade surplus forever is impossible.
• Trade surplus  inflow of specie
• inflow of specie  increased Ms
• increased Ms  higher prices (and
wages)
• higher prices  lower exports and
higher imports

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 Sejarah
 Mekanisme aliran harga-specie adalah argumen logis dengan David Hume
 (1711-1776) terhadap Mercantilis gagasan bahwa bangsa harus berusaha untuk
positif neraca perdagangan , atau ekspor neto. Argumen mempertimbangkan efek
transaksi internasional dalam standar emas , sebuah sistem di mana emas adalah
sarana resmi pembayaran internasional dan mata uang masing-masing negara
dalam bentuk emas itu sendiri atau mata uang kertas sepenuhnya dikonversi
menjadi emas.
 Hume berpendapat bahwa ketika suatu negara dengan standar emas memiliki
keseimbangan positif dalam perdagangan, emas akan mengalir ke negara itu
dalam jumlah yang nilai ekspor melebihi nilai impor. Sebaliknya, bila sebuah
negara seperti memiliki saldo negatif perdagangan, emas akan mengalir ke luar
negeri dalam jumlah yang nilai impor melebihi nilai ekspor. Akibatnya, dengan
tidak adanya tindakan offsetting oleh bank sentral pada jumlah uang yang beredar
(disebut sterilisasi ), jumlah uang beredar akan meningkat di negara dengan
keseimbangan positif dalam perdagangan dan jatuh di negara dengan saldo
negatif perdagangan . Menggunakan teori yang disebut teori kuantitas uang,

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 Hume berpendapat bahwa di negara-negara di mana kuantitas uang
meningkat, inflasi akan mengatur dan harga barang dan jasa akan
cenderung naik, sementara di negara-negara dimana penurunan
jumlah uang beredar, deflasi akan terjadi sebagai harga barang dan
jasa turun.
 Harga yang lebih tinggi akan, di negara-negara dengan
keseimbangan positif dalam perdagangan, menyebabkan ekspor
menurun dan impor meningkat, yang akan mengubah neraca
perdagangan ke bawah menuju keseimbangan netral. Terbalik, di
negara-negara dengan saldo negatif perdagangan, harga yang lebih
rendah akan menyebabkan ekspor meningkat dan impor menurun,
yang akan meningkatkan neraca perdagangan terhadap
keseimbangan netral. Penyesuaian dalam neraca perdagangan akan
berlanjut sampai neraca perdagangan sama dengan nol di semua
negara yang terlibat dalam bursa.

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 Mekanisme aliran harga-specie juga dapat diterapkan untuk
seluruh keseimbangan negara pembayaran, yang
menyumbang tidak hanya untuk nilai ekspor bersih dan
transaksi sejenis (dengan giro ), tetapi juga finansial , yang
menyumbang arus aset keuangan di negara-negara, dan 
neraca modal , yang menyumbang non-pasar dan
internasional khusus lainnya transaksi . Tetapi di
bawah standar emas , transaksi di rekening keuangan akan
dilakukan dalam emas atau mata uang dapat dikonversi
menjadi emas , yang juga akan mempengaruhi jumlah uang
yang beredar di masing-masing negara.

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Smith’s Challenge:
Absolute Advantage
• Smith believed trade to be a
positive-sum game.
• Countries should export those
goods which they can produce
efficiently, and import those which
they cannot.
• If countries trade according to this
principle, all will gain from trade
(trade will be mutually beneficial).

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Absolute Advantage: An
Example

Corn Blankets Autarky Price


Ratios (APRs)
U.S. 1 hour/bu 6 hrs/bl 1B = 6C,
1C = 1/6B
Mexico 3 hrs/bu 5 hrs/bl 1B = 5/3C,
1C = 3/5B

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Absolute Advantage: An
Example
• Suppose the U.S. and Mexico agree to
trade at a ratio of 1B = 4C (or 1C = ¼ B).
• Suppose further that Mexico will
specialize in blankets and the U.S. in
corn.
• From the U.S.’s perspective:
• Can now buy blankets at a lower price (1B
= 6C in autarky, but 1B = 4C in trade).
• Can sell corn at a higher price (1C = 1/6 B
in autarky, but 1C = ¼ B in trade).

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Absolute Advantage: An
Example
• From Mexico’s perspective:
• Can now sell blankets at a higher price
(1B = 5/3C in autarky, but 1B = 4C in
trade).
• Can buy corn at a lower price (1C = 3/5 B
in autarky, but 1C = ¼ B in trade).

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Absolute Advantage: An
Example
• Bottom line: both countries gain
from trade, even if certain
industries (blanket industry in U.S.,
corn industry in Mexico) stand to
lose.

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Limits to Smith’s Thinking

• If one country has an absolute


advantage in the production of both
(or all) goods, Smith would say that
that country cannot gain from
trade.

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Absolute Advantage: The
Limits to Smith’s Thinking
Corn Blankets Autarky Price
Ratios (APRs)

U.S. 1 hour/bu 5 hrs/bl 1B = 5C,


1C = 1/5B

Mexico 3 hrs/bu 6 hrs/bl 1B = 2C,


1C = 1/2B

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Limits to Smith’s Thinking

• If one country has an absolute


advantage in the production of both
(or all) goods, Smith would say that
that country cannot gain from
trade.
• But David Ricardo’s Principle of
Comparative Advantage (1817) took
Smith’s work farther: even in the
above example, trade can be
mutually beneficial!
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 Absolute advantage (Adam Smith)
• Countries benefit from exporting what
they make cheaper than anyone else
 Comparative advantage (David Ricardo)
• Nations can gain from specialization,
even if they lack an absolute advantage

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