ELT Methods and Approachesb

ELT Methods and
Approaches
Why following a method or
approach?
 Based on research.
 Adhere to theories of language, teaching
and learning.
 Organize our classes
 Provide a coherent framework for
teaching.
Approach
• The nature of language,
• How knowledge of a language is
acquired,
• And the conditions that promote
language acquisition.
Method
• The particular skills to be taught,
• The roles of the teacher and the learner in language teaching
and learning,
• The appropriate procedures and techniques,
• The content to be taught and the order.
 syllabus organization,
 choices of the materials
 Evaluation and assessment criteria
The Grammar Translation
Method
A way of teaching in which students study grammar

and translate words into their own language. They do
not practise communication and there is little focus on
speaking. A teacher presents a grammar rule and
vocabulary lists and then students translate a written
text from their own language into the second language
The Grammar Translation Method
 Objectives
• to give learners access to English literature,
• To develop their minds "mentally" through
foreign language learning
 Key Features
• (1) Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with
little active use of the target language.
• (2) Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of
isolated words.
• (3) Grammar provides the rules for putting words
together, and instruction often focuses on the
form and inflection of words.
 Key Features
 (4) Reading of difficult classical texts is begun early.
 (5) Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which

are treated as exercises in in grammatical analysis.
 (6) Often the only drills are exercises in translating
disconnected sentences from the target language into the
mother tongue
Typical Techniques
(1) Translation of a Literary Passage
(2) Reading Comprehension Questions
(3) Antonyms/Synonyms
(4) Cognates
(5) Deductive Application of Rule
(6) Fill-in-the-blanks
(7) Memorization
(8) Use Words in Sentences
(9) Composition
The Direct Method
Meaning is to be connected directly

with the target language, without
going through the process of
translating into the students' native
language. (Larsen-Freeman, 1986)
The Direct Method
 Objectives
• The basic premise of the Direct Method is that students will
learn to communicate in the target language, partly by
learning how to think in that language and by not involving
L1 in the language learning process whatsoever.
• Objectives include teaching the students how to use the
language spontaneously and orally, linking meaning with
the target language through the use of realia, pictures or
pantomime (Larsen-Freeman 1986:24).
• There is to be a direct connection between concepts and
the language to be learned.
The Direct Method
 Key Features
• Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the target
language.
• Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught.
• Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully traded
progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges
between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.
• Grammar is taught inductively.
• New teaching points are taught through modeling and practice.
• Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, and
pictures; abstract vocabulary is taught by association of ideas.
• Both speech and listening comprehension are taught.
• Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized.
The Direct Method
 Objectives
• The basic premise of the Direct Method is that students will
learn to communicate in the target language, partly by
learning how to think in that language and by not involving
L1 in the language learning process whatsoever.
• Objectives include teaching the students how to use the
language spontaneously and orally, linking meaning with
the target language through the use of realia, pictures or
pantomime (Larsen-Freeman 1986:24).
• There is to be a direct connection between concepts and
the language to be learned.
The Direct Method
 Typical Techniques
• (1) Reading Aloud
• (2) Question and Answer Exercise
• (3) Student Self-Correction
• (4) Conversation Practice
• (5) Fill-in-the-blank Exercise
• (6) Dictation
• (7) Paragraph Writing
The Direct Method
Tipical Class procedure:

 Warm Up.
 Introduction of Material.
 Modeling.
 Check for Understanding.
 Guided Practice.
 Independent Practice.
 Closure.
The Direct Method
Benefits
 Uses Only the Target Language.
 Students Figure Out Rules Themselves. Highly
Active.
 Focuses on Speaking.
 Natural learning
 Improved pronunciation
 Thinking in English
 Real World Skills
The Audio Lingual Method
Meaning is to be connected directly

with the target language, without
going through the process of
translating into the students' native
language. (Larsen-Freeman, 1986)
developed during World War 2 to develop effective oral-aural skills in
foreign languages for military personnel.
Learning Principles
 Foreign language learning is basically a process of mechanical
habit formation. Good habits are formed by giving correct
responses rather than by making mistakes. By memorising
dialogues and performing pattern drills the chances of
producing mistakes are minimized.
 Language skills are learned more effectively if the items to be
learning in the target language are presented in spoken form
before they are seen in written form.
 Analogy provides a better foundation for language learning
than analysis. Analogy involves the processes of generalization
and discrimination.
 The meanings that the words of a language have for the native
speaker can be learned only in a linguistic and cultural context
and not in isolation.
 Objectives
• To create communicative competence in learners.
• The most effective way to do this was for students to
"over-learn" the language being studied through
extensive repetition and a variety of elaborate drills.
• The idea was to project the linguistic patterns of the
language into the minds of the learners in a way that
made responses automatic and "habitual".
• To this end it was held that the language "habits" of
the first language would constantly interfere, and the
only way to overcome this problem was to facilitate
the learning of a new set of "habits" appropriate
linguistically to the language being studied.
 Key Features
• New material is presented in dialog form.
• There is dependence on mimicry, memorization of set
phrases, and over-learning.
• Structures are sequenced by means of contrastive
analysis and taught one at a time.
• Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills.
• There is little or no grammatical explanation.
Grammar is taught by inductive analogy rather than
deductive explanation.
• Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.
 Key Features
 Great importance is attached to pronunciation.
 There is much use of tapes, language labs, and visual aids.
 Very little use of the mother tongue by teachers is
permitted.
 Successful responses are immediately reinforced.
 There is great effort to get students to produce error-
free utterances.
 There is a tendency to manipulate language and
disregard content.
 Typical Techniques
• (1) Dialog Memorization
• (2) Backward Build-up (Expansion Drill)
• (3) Repetition Drill
• (4) Chain Drill
• (5) Single Slot Substitution Drill
• (6) Multiple-slot Substitution Drill
• (7) Transformation Drill
• (8) Question-and-answer Drill
• (9) Use of Minimal Pairs
• (10) Complete the Dialog
• (11) Grammar Games
 Lessons in the classroom focus on the correct
imitation of the teacher by the students.
 Not only are the students expected to produce
the correct output, but attention is also paid to
correct pronunciation.
 Although correct grammar is expected in
usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is
given. It is taught inductively.
 Furthermore, the target language is the only
language to be used in the classroom.

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ELT Methods and Approachesb

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ELT Methods and

A way of teaching in which students study grammar

 (5) Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which

Meaning is to be connected directly

Tipical Class procedure:

 Check for Understanding.

Meaning is to be connected directly

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