Introduction to MySQL

MySQL
 MySQL is a very popular, open source database.
 Officially pronounced “my Ess Que Ell” (not my
sequel).
 Handles very large databases; very fast
performance.
 Why are we using MySQL?
 Free (much cheaper than Oracle!)
 Each student can install MySQL locally.
 Easy to use Shell for creating tables, querying tables, etc.
 Easy to use with Java JDBC

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Basic Queries
 Once logged in, you can try some simple queries.
 For example:

mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;

+-----------+--------------+
| VERSION() | CURRENT_DATE |
+-----------+--------------+
| 3.23.49 | 2002-05-26 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 Note that most MySQL commands end with a semicolon (;)

 MySQL returns the total number of rows found, and the total
time to execute the query.

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Basic Queries
 Keywords may be entered in any lettercase.
 The following queries are equivalent:

mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;

mysql> select version(), current_date;
mysql> SeLeCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;

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Basic Queries
 Here's another query. It demonstrates that
you can use mysql as a simple calculator:

mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;

+-------------+---------+
| SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5 |
+-------------+---------+
| 0.707107 | 25 |
+-------------+---------+

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Basic Queries
 You can also enter multiple statements on a single
line. Just end each one with a semicolon:

mysql> SELECT VERSION(); SELECT NOW();

+--------------+
| VERSION() |
+--------------+
| 3.22.20a-log |
+--------------+
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2004 00:15:33 |
+---------------------+

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Multi-Line Commands
 mysql determines where your statement ends
by looking for the terminating semicolon, not
by looking for the end of the input line.
 Here's a simple multiple-line statement:

mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> ,
-> CURRENT_DATE;
+--------------------+--------------+
| USER() | CURRENT_DATE |
+--------------------+--------------+
| joesmith@localhost | 1999-03-18 |
+--------------------+--------------+

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Canceling a Command

 If you decide you don't want to execute

a command that you are in the process
of entering, cancel it by typing \c

mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> \c
mysql>

8
Using a Database
 To get started on your own database, first check
which databases currently exist.
 Use the SHOW statement to find out which
databases currently exist on the server:

mysql> show databases;

+----------+
| Database |
+----------+
| mysql |
| test |
+----------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

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Using a Database

 To create a new database, issue the

“create database” command:
 mysql> create database webdb;
 To the select a database, issue the
“use” command:
 mysql> use webdb;

10
Creating a Table

 Once you have selected a database,

you can view all database tables:
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.02 sec)
 An empty set indicates that I have not
created any tables yet.

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Creating a Table

 Let’s create a table for storing pets.

 Table: pets
name: VARCHAR(20)
owner: VARCHAR(20)
species: VARCHAR(20)
sex: CHAR(1)
birth: DATE VARCHAR is
date: usually used
DATE
to store string
data.

12
Creating a Table
 To create a table, use the CREATE TABLE
command:

mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (

-> name VARCHAR(20),
-> owner VARCHAR(20),
-> species VARCHAR(20),
-> sex CHAR(1),
-> birth DATE, death DATE);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

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Showing Tables

 To verify that the table has been created:

mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+------------------+
| pet |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

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Describing Tables
 To view a table structure, use the DESCRIBE
command:
mysql> describe pet;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| birth | date | YES | | NULL | |
| death | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.02 sec)

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Deleting a Table

 To delete an entire table, use the DROP

TABLE command:

mysql> drop table pet;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

16
SQL Select

 The SELECT statement is used to pull

information from a table.
 The general format is:

SELECT what_to_select
FROM which_table
WHERE conditions_to_satisfy

17
Selecting All Data
 The simplest form of SELECT retrieves everything
from a table
mysql> select * from pet;
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1999-02-04 | NULL |
| Claws | Gwen | cat | f | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1999-08-27 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1998-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Selecting Particular Rows
 You can select only particular rows from your
table.
 For example, if you want to verify the change
that you made to Bowser's birth date, select
Bowser's record like this:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = "Bowser";
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1998-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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Selecting Particular Rows

 To find all animals born after 1998

SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= "1998-1-1";

 To find all female dogs, use a logical AND

SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "dog" AND sex = "f";

 To find all snakes or birds, use a logical OR

SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "snake"
OR species = "bird";

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Selecting Particular Columns

 If you don’t want to see entire rows from

your table, just name the columns in
which you are interested, separated by
commas.
 For example, if you want to know when
your pets were born, select the name
and birth columns.
 (see example next slide.)

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Selecting Particular Columns
mysql> select name, birth from pet;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fluffy | 1999-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | 1999-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1998-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
+----------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

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Sorting Data
 To sort a result, use an ORDER BY clause.
 For example, to view animal birthdays, sorted by
date:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Bowser | 1998-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Fluffy | 1999-02-04 |
| Fang | 1999-08-27 |
+----------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.02 sec)

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Sorting Data

 To sort in reverse order, add the DESC

(descending keyword)
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth DESC;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fang | 1999-08-27 |
| Fluffy | 1999-02-04 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Bowser | 1998-08-31 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
+----------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.02 sec)
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Working with NULLs

 NULL means missing value or unknown

value.
 To test for NULL, you cannot use the
arithmetic comparison operators, such
as =, < or <>.
 Rather, you must use the IS NULL and
IS NOT NULL operators instead.

25
Working with NULLs
 For example, to find all your dead pets (what a
morbid example!)

mysql> select name from pet where death

>IS NOT NULL;
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| Bowser |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

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Counting Rows
 Databases are often used to answer the question,
"How often does a certain type of data occur in a
table?"
 For example, you might want to know how many pets
you have, or how many pets each owner has.
 Counting the total number of animals you have is the
same question as “How many rows are in the pet
table?” because there is one record per pet.
 The COUNT() function counts the number of non-
NULL results.

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Counting Rows Example

 A query to determine total number of pets:

mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pet;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 9 |
+----------+

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