Sem 3 - ADS511

Research Method
&
Analysis Data
SEMINAR 3
BY
DR AZMA ASNAWI SHAH B. HJ. ABD. HAKIM

Literature review
 Process of analysing existing knowledge as embodied in the literature related
areas
 Making some insightful comments.
 Literature can answer some of the research questions and sharpen you research
objectives.
 why is it important
 who said it is important
 what do we know & not know – the gaps
 what concepts are involved
 what studies have revealed
Cont…
 Presenting the review
 what type of method used
 how were the concepts defined

 how variables measured
 tabulate (put in a table), if there are many studies
 don’t paste chunks from the references
 your comments in tying up the many points is critical
 summarise the main point or findings
 only quote passages if the point is central
 referencing conventions should be followed (APA / MLA)
 break the review into subheadings, if necessary.
Example of Literature subheadings
Chapter 2 ...............................................................................................
 2.1 Historical Overview of Theory and Research Literature .................
 2.2 Definition and Concept of a Blog and Web 2.0 Applications ..........
 2.2.1 Features of Blogs ...........................................................................
 2.2.2 Web 2.0.........................................................................................
 2.3 Political Blogs ...................................................................................
 2.3.1 Blogs and Political Participation ...................................................
 2.3.2 Blogs as Alternative Medium for Political Information................
 2.3.3 Blogs Provide Updated Information .............................................
 2.3.4 Blogs and Web 2.0 Applications ...................................................
 2.3.5 The Usability of Blogs....................................................................
 2.3.6 Social Networking..........................................................................
 2.3.7 The Digital Divide .........................................................................
 2.3.8 Language Barriers ........................................................................
 2.3.9 Credibility of Information ............................................................
 2.4 Theory and Development of the Conceptual Framework ...............
 2.5 Summary .........................................................................................
Literature review: how to do it?
 Use the online searching facilities in the library

 Carry out a keyword search using
 Business Periodical Online
 Use internet search through Abscohost, Proquest
 Northern Light, Emerald, Science Direct,
 Collect a reasonable bibliography

 Start looking for the materials
 Scan them for relevance and further reading
 Make copies or take notes for your review
Literature review: how to do it?
 When taking notes:
 note the points relevant to your study
 take down the name of author/s

 the title of book or journal or magazine,
 publisher, year of publication, place of publication
Eg: DelliCarpini, M.X. (2000) ‘Gen.com: Youth, Civic Engagement, and the New
Information Environment’, Political Communication, vol.17(4): 341–349.
De Vaus, D. (2002).Analyzing Social Science Data: 50 keys problems in data

analysis. London: Sage Publications.
 Notes should be kept in one place, notebook or cards

 Notes can be coded or categorised for easy reference
 Use software (endnotes, Bibtex) to help you esp. if you are not organised person
A CHECKLIST OF ACTIVITIES AS YOU READ THROUGH LITERATURES:
 Is the abstract relevant to your discipline?

 Identify examples of field work and methods.
 Identify who else has written in the area.
 What do relevant stakeholders and practitioners have to say?
 What types of studies have been undertaken in the field?
 What methodology has been used?
 Has the methodology been appropriate to the research question?
 What are the major findings?
 What issues have been overlooked?
 How have major contributions been received?
How to write literature review
 Review not summarize
 Important information in the literature review

Variables used
 their findings
The methodology used
The theory used
Review of the relevant literature:

Summarize what existing theory or previous research has to say about the topic
you are investigating; what is known about the research questions, or could be
anticipated. This will need to be brief as part of your design but will normally be
a chapter in the thesis/report.
How to write literature review
 Start from general to specific
 Discuss on the general area of the study
E.g. finance, strategic management, accounting etc.
 Discuss on the related theory
 Discuss specifically the discussion on the specific variables used in the study
Sample of writing in Literature Review:
2.2 Blog and Web 2.0 Applications
Blog use Web 2.0 applications that allow users and writers communicate in social media. The
characteristics of Web 2.0 social groups can promote democratic participation (O’Reilly 2005; Preece,
2001; Preece & Maloney-Krichmar, 2005; Boyd 2006) as people can speak their opinions (Anderson,
2006). Web 2.0 applications used in the blog have give space to the dissemination and sharing of
political information as the users producing and interacting with political information. The
characteristics of Web 2.0 social groups can promote democratic participation (O’Reilly 2005; Preece,
2001; Preece & Maloney-Krichmar, 2005; Boyd 2006) as people can speak their opinions (Anderson,
2006). Thus, Web 2.0 provides applications that enable for more interaction and participation among
users (Carty, 2008; Harrison & Barthel, 2009).
Web blogs can encourage participation (Preece, 2001; Preece & Maloney-Krichmar, 2005) in online
communities as people can speak their opinions (Anderson, 2006). The study shows that news media
use affects participation through increase in political knowledge (McLeod et al., 1999; Scheufele &
Nisbet, 2002). It has lead to greater political participation (McLeod et al., 1999, Scheufele et al., 2003).
As a result of increased news consumption, political knowledge levels increase and political
knowledge increases lead to political efficiency and consequently in political participation (McLeod et
al., 1999, Scheufele et al., 2003).
Journal articles summary index:
Exercise 4 (Slides 44-51)
 Form 3 groups
 Read the assigned articles (30min)
 Write (using word) short review piece (elect a scribe)
 Collective revise and present LCD.
Please read the article on SQ provided. What can say about these articles?
1. What is the purpose of article A? ( research objective)
2. How did the study proposed to meet this purpose? (Research method, research design)
3. Was there a particular theory or perspective used in the study? (theory)
4. Who and how many sample was studied?
5. How did they measure the variables?
6. What did they find? Is there any new findings or its confirmation of the old?
7. Can we rely on this results?
Conceptual framework (example)
Example of issues in Problem Statement:
- The practice of Knowledge sharing (KS) is limited in organization
RQ : RO :
1. How limited is KS? 1. to examine limitation of KS in organization
2. Is trust required for KS? 2. to examine the lack of trust for KS
3. Is there recognition of KS? 3. to examine the reason Staff do not recognize KS in
organization
Conceptual framework:
1. Why is KS so important? (DV)
2. What causes this behavior or attitude in organisations? (IV)
3. What factors might enable this relationship? (MV, MeV)
Developing Conceptual Framework
 C. framework makes explicit the research in brief
 what do you want to study
 what concepts are involved
 how these concepts related.
 what variables are excluded (delimitation)
 A diagram/figures c.f gives understanding of the study and the concepts involved.
 a picture is worth a 1000 words / clear explanation
 shows relationships between and among concepts
 quick and visual of outlining the study
 C.f marking out variables not focus of this study
 observers know the boundaries of the study (delimits)
 must be consistent with the research objectives, research problem, research method and
findings
 Concepts and constructs

 Constructs/ concepts to variables (validity)
 Concepts to empirical observation
 Independent variables & Dependent variables
 Moderating variables
 Mediating variables
 Parsimonious models and theories – a simpler model better than a complex model
Theory:
 Theory can be defined as a general and, comprehensive set of statements or
propositions that describe different aspects of some phenomenon (Babbie, 1998;
Hagan, 1993; Senese,1997).
 In an applied context, theories can be understood as interrelated ideas about

various patterns, concepts, processes, relationships, or events. In a formal sense,
social scientists usually define theory as a system of logical statements or
propositions that explain the relationship between two or more objects, concepts,
phenomena, or characteristics of humans-what are sometimes called variables
(Boobie, 1992; Denzin, 1978; Polit & H ungler, 1993).
 Theory might also represent attempts to develop explanations about reality or

ways to classify and organize events, describe events, or even to predict future
occurrences of events (Hagan, 1993).
Concept:
Concepts are symbolic or abstract elements representing objects,

properties, or features of objects, processes, or phenomenon. Concepts
may communicate ideas or introduce particular perspectives, or they may
be a means for casting a broad generalization.
Example of Theory in Conceptual Framework
 A conceptual framework is the

researcher’s idea on how the
research problem will have to be
explored
 The conceptual framework

embodies the specific direction by
which the research will be
undertaken.
 As you start reading the literature,

you will discover that the problem
you wish to investigate has its roots
in a number of theories that have
been developed from different
perspectives.
 Hypotheses:
Statements of relationship between two variables. These statements are outcomes of
the conceptualisation – the conceptual framework.
i. Directional Hypotheses
 Cigarette smoking and monthly allowance are positively related.
[directional cos’ the hypothesis posits a positive relationship].
ii. Non-directional Hypotheses

 Cigarette smoking and monthly allowance are related
[ non-directional cos’ no specific nature of relationship is posited].
Developing Hypotheses
 Null hypothesis (Ho):

– A theory that has been put forward either because it is believed to be true or because
it is used as a basis for argument, but has not been proven.
- Use negative words in a sentence
 Eg; Null hypothesis:

(Ho) The new drug is no better than the current drug.
(Ho) There is no different between two drug.
(Ho) There is no relationship between smoking cigarette and monthly allowance

Developing Hypotheses
 Alternate hypothesis or Research hypothesis (HI):
– A statement of what is a statistical hypothesis is set to establish.
- Use positive word in a sentence
- The rejection of Ho leads us to accept the Hı.
 Eg: Alternative hypothesis:

(HI) The new drug has a positive effect, on average compared to the current drug.
(Hı) The two drug have better effects.
(HI) There is a positive relationship between smoking cigarette and health problem
Probability Value (P-Value) / Significance Value
 The p-value of a statistical hypothesis test is the probability of getting a value of the test
statistic as extreme as or more extreme than the observed by chance alone, if the Ho is
true.
 The p-value is compared with the actual significance (sig.) level of our test and if it is
smaller, the result is SIGNIFICANT.
 That is, if the null hypothesis were to be rejected at the 5% (0.05) significance level, this
would be reported as “p < 0.05”.
 95% is level of confidence
5% (0.05) is level of significance

Therefore:
p<0.05 = there is significance
- accept Hı and reject Ho.
p>0.05 = there is NO significance
- retain Ho (reject Hı)
Sig. value

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Research Method

DR AZMA ASNAWI SHAH B. HJ. ABD. HAKIM

 Making some insightful comments.

 how were the concepts defined

 Use the online searching facilities in the library

 Collect a reasonable bibliography

 take down the name of author/s

De Vaus, D. (2002).Analyzing Social Science Data: 50 keys problems in data

 Notes should be kept in one place, notebook or cards

 Is the abstract relevant to your discipline?

 Important information in the literature review

The methodology used

The theory used

Review of the relevant literature:

 Start from general to specific

 Discuss on the general area of the study

E.g. finance, strategic management, accounting etc.

 Discuss on the related theory

 what concepts are involved

 how these concepts related.

 what variables are excluded (delimitation)

 Concepts and constructs

 In an applied context, theories can be understood as interrelated ideas about

 Theory might also represent attempts to develop explanations about reality or

Concepts are symbolic or abstract elements representing objects,

 A conceptual framework is the

 The conceptual framework

 As you start reading the literature,

ii. Non-directional Hypotheses

 Null hypothesis (Ho):

 Eg; Null hypothesis:

(Ho) There is no different between two drug.

(Ho) There is no relationship between smoking cigarette and monthly allowance

 Eg: Alternative hypothesis:

(Hı) The two drug have better effects.

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