A Presentation on

Aggregate (Fine & Coarse) and Their

laboratory test as per Codal Provision

Guide: Prof C G Solanki

Team member

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 Points to be discussed

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 Aggregate sources
Manufactured and
Natural
recycled
• Natural sand and • Pulverized concrete
gravel, river rock and asphalt
• Quarries- Crushed • Steel mill slag-GGBS-
metal Ground granulated
blast furnace slag
• Expanded shell
• Copper slag

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 CoarseAggregates
• Combination of distinct particles gathered into an aggregates mass.
• Used in subbase, base, shoulders, Ingredients for bituminous layer 92 to 96% &
for cement concrete 80 t0 85%
• Classification of Natural Aggregates
Property Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Formation By cooling of Insoluble, deposited Temp. not enough to
molten rock melt the rock
Structure Crystalline Layered May not crystalline
Color Blue, Pink Light brown, Pink Grey, red blue, Green
Specific Gravity 2.6 to 3.0 2.2 to 2.8 2.6 to 2.8
Water Absorption Very low Medium Low
Suitability Good for both Base course, sub base Bituminous and Cement
Bituminous and course concrete work
Cement concrete

Example Granite, Basalt Lime and sand stone Quartzite, Marble Shale

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Coarse Aggregate
How it available on
site?
Stone crusher
7/20/23
Visit 5
 Stone crusher
Step -1 Step -2/3 : After crushed in Jaw crusher-
Aggregate crushed in Jaw crusher- Larger than 20 mm – Flaky/ Elongated
Useful for large boulder aggregate shall be crushed in Cone crusher

CONE CRUSHER
Cone crusher is used to crush flaky and
JAW CRUSHER elongated aggregate in smaller size

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 Stone crusher
Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher ( VSI-Crusher)
Step -2/3 :
After crushed in Jaw crusher-
Smaller than 20 mm – Flaky/
Elongated aggregate shall be
crushed in Vertical Shaft Impact
crusher ( VSI- Crusher)

Benefit of VSI Crusher :

Available Aggregates are cubical
in shape,
Least amount of Flaky and
Elongated aggregate
Highly accepted in Market

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 About aggregate

• FINE AGGREGATE
• Fine aggregates available from river bad/ mineral aggregates
• Manufacturing of Fine Aggregates ( scare of natural river sand)
• Manufacturing sand-M’Sand-as a Fine aggregates- crushed
stone dust
• Aggregates are specified based on
• Grain size- Sieving through square sieve
• Shape- Flakiness and Elongation
• Texture and
• Tests and specification for different purpose –specified by
IS,IRC,MORTH, –like - Impact, Abrasion, Crushing test

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 Role of Aggregate and probable issues

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 Test on aggregates corresponding to property
• Crushing Test • Los Angeles Abrasion • Impact value test
• 10% Fines value test test
• Specific gravity

1 2 3
Strength and Hardness Toughness
Quality
• Water absorption • Grain size analysis
and • Flakiness test
• Soundness • Elongation test
• Combined FI + EI test
• Angularity test
4 5
Size and Shape of
Durability
Aggregate
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 Test on aggregates
Help to decide

1. Sieve analysis/ Grain size analysis………. Size of aggregate

2. Aggregate crushing test. ...................... Strength and Quality
3. Aggregate Impact Value test (AIV)…….. Toughness
4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test- LA Abrasion Test Hardness
5. Shape test
Shape of
(Flakiness Index, Elongation Index, Combined FE + EI) aggregate
6. Specific gravity……………………………………. Strength and Quality
7. Water absorption test …………………………..
Durability of aggregate
8. Soundness Test …………………………………..

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 1. Sieve analysis/ Grain size analysis/Gradation
Sl. Soil texture Particulars
No. Diameter of particle IS Sieve size (mm)

01 Gravel (G) 75 to 4.75 Retained on 4.75 mm

02 Sand (S) 4.75 to 0.075 Passes 4.75 and retained on 0.075
03 Fines Silt (M) 0.075 to 0.002 Passes 0.075 mm; For detailed
Clay (C ) Less than 0.0002 investigation, a hydrometer analysis
may be carried out

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 1. Sieve analysis/ Grain size analysis/Gradation

Well Poorly Gap

Graded Graded Graded

Generally, the Nominal maximum size of aggregate Varies

from 1/3rd to 1/4th of the layer thickness

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 Test to be done
• Test to be done on Fine • Test to be done on
aggregate Coarse aggregate

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 1. Sieve analysis/ Grain size analysis/Gradation
Identification of Grading type from Chart

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 1. Sieve analysis/ Grain size analysis/Gradation

• GSB Gradation sieve set

Close graded Open Graded- Separation +

Separation/ Filter layer Drainage layer Drainage layer
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 1. Sieve analysis/ Grain size analysis/Gradation

• How to calculate % passing

• Decide sample weight:______gram (IS 2386-I*)
• Arrange sieve as per specification
• Sieving by Manual OR by Sieve Shaker
Initial Weight : 2000gram ( WBM-Screening material)
Cumulative Weight Passing % Passing
Sieve Size Weight Weight = Initial weight- =
Retain- g. Retain- g. Cu. Weight retain
13.2 mm 150 150 1850 1850
(2000-150)= ∗ 100=¿ 92.5 %
2000
1450 1600 400
∗ 100=¿ 20 %
11.2 mm 400
(2000-1600)= 2000
350 1950 50
∗ 100=¿ 2.5 %
5.6 mm 50
(2000-1950)=
2000
180 micron 50 2000 0 -
(2000-2000)=
* Next slide
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 1. Sieve analysis/ Grain size analysis/Gradation

*Minimum weight of sample for sieve analysis (IS 2386-Part1)

Maximum Size present in Minimum weight of sample to be
substantial proportion taken for sieving in Kg
63 mm 50
50 mm 35
40 or 31.5 mm 15
25 mm 5
20 or 16 mm 2
12.5 mm 1
10 mm 0.5
6.3 mm 0.2
4.75 mm 0.2
2.36 mm 0.1

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 Blending of aggregate
• Simple example or 20 mm and 10 mm aggregate
Sieve size Individual Gradation Specification as per IS-
383 -2016
20 mm 10 mm Lower Upper
limit limit
40 mm 100 100 100 100
20 mm 92.5 100 90 100
10 mm 3.5 94.5 25 55
4.75 mm 0 12.5 0 10

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 2. Crushing Value Test
The aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure of
resistance to crushing under a gradually applied compressive
load. To achieve a high quality of pavement, aggregates
possessing low aggregate crushing value should be preferred.

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 2. Crushing Value Test
• Sample size : 12.5 mm passing 10 mm retain
• Quantity of sample : To fill the measure (11.5 cm dia,18 cm ht.) in three
layer- W1
• Sample condition : Oven dried at 100°C-110°C for 4 hour
• Test procedure : Apply load at a rate of 40 kN/ minute , for 10 minutes, Total
load = 400 kN
• Sieve crushed aggregate through 2.36 mm sieve
• W1 = Initial weight before crushing
• W2 = Weight passing throgh 2.36 mm sieve

• Lower the crushing value stronger the aggregate

• Table No: 1 Recommended Aggregate crushing value.
1. Sub grade course 45% Maximum
2. Sub base + base course 45% Maximum
3. Bituminous base course + Wearing course 30% Maximum

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 3. Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Test
• The aggregate impact value indicates a
relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate to a sudden shock or an
impact
• Evaluate the toughness of stone
• Measure resistance fracture under
repeated impact
• Lower value is preferred

Cylindrical Measure
=102 mm dia
50 mm Height

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 3. Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Test
• Sample size : 12.5 mm passing 10 mm retain
• Quantity of sample : To fill the measure 102 mm dia 50 mm height in three
layer with 25 stroke - W1
• Sample condition : Oven dried at 100°C-110°C for 4 hour
• Test procedure : Apply hammer drop 15 nos of 13.5 to 14 kg, from 38± 0.5
cm height
• Sieve, crushed aggregate through 2.36 mm sieve
• W1 = Initial weight before test
• W2 = Weight passing through 2.36 mm sieve

• Recommended Aggregate impact value.

1. Granular Sub grade course 40 % Maximum
2. Water bound macadam + Wet Mix Macadam 30 % Maximum
3. Bituminous binder course - DBM 27 % Maximum
4 Bituminous wearing course –BC 24 % Maximum
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 4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test
• Evaluate the hardness of stone
• Measure the resistance to wearing
action.
• The principle of Los Angeles Abrasion
Test is to find the percentage wear due
to the relative rubbing action between
the aggregate and steel balls used as
abrasive charge
Los Angeles abrasion testing m/c
• Los Angeles abrasion and Deval
Attrition test.

Devel Attrition
testing m/c

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 4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test
• Sample size : Select any of the Grading as per sample size
Weight in grams of each lest sample in the size range mm Weight
(passing and retained on square holes) of
Grading

charge

No. of spheres
g.
 
 

 
20- 12.5- 10- 6.3-
80-63 63-50 50-40 40-25 25-20 4.75-2.36
12.5 10 6.3 4.75

A - - - 1250 1250 1250 1250 - - - 12 5000±25

В - - - - - 2500 2500 - - - 11 4584±25
С - - - - - - - 2500 2500 - 8 3330±20
D - - - - - - - - - 5000 6 2500+15
E 2500* 2500* 5000* - - - - - - - 12 5000+25
F - - 5000* 5000* - - - - - -  12 5000±25
G* Tolerance
- of
- ± 2% is
- permitted
5000* 5000* - - - - - 12 5000+25

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 4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test
• Quantity and sample size : As per Table ( Previous slide)
• Sample condition : Oven dried at 105°C-110°C for 4 hour
• Test procedure : Selected grading and weight of aggregate placed in drum
with predefined abrasive charge, drum will be rotated for 500 revolution for
A,B,C,D grading and 1000 revolution for E,F and G
• Sieve, crushed aggregate through 1.70 mm sieve
• W1 = Initial weight before test
• W2 = Weight passing through 1.70 mm sieve

• Recommended Aggregate abrasion value.

1 Water bound macadam + Wet Mix Macadam 40 % Maximum

2 Bituminous binder course - DBM 35 % Maximum
3 Bituminous wearing course –BC 30 % Maximum

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 5. Shape test (Flakiness Index, Elongation Index, Combined FE + EI)

• Presence of flaky and elongated particles in the coarse aggregates

used for the construction of base and surface courses of road
pavements is considered undesirable, as these may cause inherent
weakness with possibilities of breaking down during compaction as
well as under heavy traffic loads

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 5. Shape test (Flakiness Index, Elongation Index, Combined FE + EI)

• The flakiness index of aggregates is the

percentage by weight of particles whose
least dimension is less than three-fifths
or 0.6 times of their mean dimension.
Applicable up to sizes 6.3 mm
• The sample is sieved through IS sieve sizes
63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25,20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3
mm
• Minimum 200 pieces of each fraction to be
tested are taken and weighed (W1 g.)
• Average size of 25-20 mm Agg. is
(25+20)/2= 22.5 = = 13.5
• Aggregate thickness should 13.5 mm

Thickness Gauge
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 5. Shape test (Flakiness Index, Elongation Index, Combined FE + EI)

• The percentage by weight of particles whose

greatest dimension is greater than one and
four fifth OR OR 1.8 times their mean
dimension. Applicable to sizes 6.3 mm
• The sample is sieved through sieve sizes, 50,
40, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 and 6.3
• Minimum 200 pieces of each fraction to be
tested are taken and weighed (W1 g.)
• Separate the elongated material by using the
standard length gauge
• Average size of 25-20 mm Agg. is (25+20)/2=
22.5 = = 40.5
• Aggregate length should mm

Length Gauge
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 5. Shape test (Flakiness Index, Elongation Index, Combined FE + EI)

• As per Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) specified

permissible limit of combined Flakiness and Elongation index.(CI)
• Procedure: Collect minimum 200 pieces of respective size of agg.,let weight
• Flaky particles passing through respective slots are removed, let weight ,
Flakiness Index = , FI= _____% and
• The elongation index test carried out on remaining aggregates (- )non flaky
particles,
• Elongated particles retain through respective slots are removed let the
weight of retained elongated agg =
• The value of Elongation Index = , EI=_________%
• The combined index is known as FI + EI.
• MORTH has specified max. permissible limit FI + EI- 35% for WMM, DBM and
30% for BC.

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 6. Specific Gravity
• The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of
strength or quality of the material. The specific gravity test helps in
the identification of stone

• Method to find as per IS 2386-Part-III

Aggregate Larger than 10 mm Between 40 mm and 10 Smaller

Size mm than 10 mm
Method 1 2 3
Applicable Method 1 Method 1 and 2 Method 3 and 4*
Method
Use of Wire basket Wide mouth glass jar of Pycnometer bottle
1.5 L Cap.

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 6. Specific Gravity –By Pycnometer bottle
Sr. By Pycnometer By Wire Basket
1 Mass of Pycnometer bottle – M1 g Mass of empty basket
2 Mass of Pycnometer bottle + sand M2 g Mass of empty basket +
Aggregate

3 Mass of Pycnometer bottle + sand + M3 g Mass of empty basket +

Water Aggregate in water
4 Mass of Pycnometer bottle + Water M4 g Mass of Empty basket in water

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 7. Water Absorption test
• Aggregates having more water absorption are more porous in nature
and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be
acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness tests

• Oven dry ( 24 hour at 105°-110°C) weight of aggregate = W 1 =

• Weight of aggregate immersed in water for 24 hours = W 2 =
• Water absorption = X 100
• MORTH specification allow max 2% Water absorption, If Water
absorption is higher than 2%, do soundness test
• Ministry of railway allow Max. W.A. -1% for railway ballast

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 8. Durability /Soundness test (Required if W.A > 2% as per MORTH)-IS-
2386-Part-V

• Measure the resistance to weathering action- Measure Durability

• Test conducted by “Accelerated Weathering Test Cycles”.
1 - Cycle
• Specified size range is weighed,
• Sample is immersed in saturated solution of
Sodium Sulphate () OR Magnesium sulphate ()
• for 16 to 18 hours.
• Then specimen is dried in an oven at 105° to 110° -1 cycle.
• Maximum permissible limit of weight loss after 5 cycles of soaking and
drying of aggregate sample in Weight loss
< 12 % in - Acceptable
• Sodium sulphate 12% and < 18 % in- Acceptable
• Magnesium sulphate solution 18%

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 Aggregate Specification –MORTH- for DBM

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Question?

Thank You