Shafts Part 2

Shaft Design
Chapter 7 Shigley
Chapter 10 Norton 4th ed.
Introduction
 A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to

transmit power or motion.
 Machine elements such as gears, pulleys (sheaves), flywheels, clutches, and sprockets
are mounted on the shaft and are used to transmit power from the driving device (motor
or engine) through a machine.
Low is for ductile material
High for Brittle Material
Shaft Material
 Deflection primarily controlled by geometry, not material

 Stress controlled by geometry, not material
 Strength controlled by material property
 Shafts are commonly made from low carbon, CD or HR steel, such as
ANSI 1020–1050 steels.
Stress Analysis in the Shaft
 Combined Normal and Torsional Shear

Shaft Design Considerations
1. To minimize both deflections and stresses, the shaft length should be kept as
short as possible and overhangs minimized.
2. A cantilever beam will have a larger deflection than a simply supported.
(Figure 10-2 shows a situation in which an overhung or cantilevered section of
shaft is required for serviceability. The sheave on the right-hand end of the
shaft carries an endless V-belt. If the sheave were mounted between the
bearings, then the shaft assembly would have to be disassembled to change a
belt, which is undesirable.
3. A hollow shaft has a better stiffness/mass ratio (specific stiffness) and higher
natural frequencies than a comparably stiff or strong solid shaft, but will be
more expensive and larger in diameter.
4. Try to locate stress-raisers away from regions of large bending moment if
possible and minimize their effects with generous radii and reliefs.
5. If minimizing deflection is the primary concern, then low-carbon steel may be
the preferred material, since its stiffness is as high as that of more expensive
steels and a shaft designed for low deflection will tend to have low stresses.
7-3 Shaft Layout
 The general layout of a shaft to accommodate shaft elements, e.g., gears, bearings, and
pulleys, must be specified early in the design process in order to perform a free body
force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagrams.
 The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder.
 Figure 7–1 shows an example of a stepped shaft supporting the gear of a worm-gear
speed reducer.
 Each shoulder in the shaft serves a specific purpose, which you should attempt to
determine by observation.
7-3 Shaft Layout
Shaft Shoulder is the key

element in designing of
Shaft
7-3 Shaft Layout
 The geometric configuration of a shaft to be designed is often simply a revision of

existing models in which a limited number of changes must be made.
 If there is no existing design to use as a starter, then the determination of the shaft
layout may have many solutions.
7-3 Shaft Layout
(a) Choose a shaft configuration to support and locate the two gears and two bearings.
 In general, it is best to support load-carrying components between bearings,
7-3 Shaft Layout
(b) Solution uses an integral pinion, three shaft shoulders, key and keyway, and
sleeve. The housing locates the bearings on their outer rings and receives the
thrust loads.
The length of the cantilever should be kept short to minimize the deflection
7-3 Shaft Layout
(c) Choose fan-shaft configuration.

(d) Solution uses sleeve bearings, a straight through shaft, locating collars, and setscrews
for collars, fan pulley, and fan itself. The fan housing supports the sleeve bearings.
7-3 Shaft Layout
7-3 Shaft Layout
 In cases where axial loads are not trivial, it is necessary to provide a means to transfer
the axial loads into the shaft, then through a bearing to the ground.
 It is generally best to have only one bearing carry the axial load, to allow greater
tolerances on shaft length dimensions, and to prevent binding if the shaft expands due
to temperature changes. This is particularly important for long shafts.
Estimating Stress Concentrations
 Stress analysis for shafts is highly dependent on stress

concentrations.
 Stress concentrations depend on size specifications, which are not
known the first time through a design process.
 Standard shaft elements such as shoulders and keys have standard
proportions, making it possible to estimate stress concentrations
factors before determining actual sizes.
 A quick look at the stress concentration charts (Figures A–15–8 and A–15–9) shows
that the stress concentrations for bending and torsion increase significantly in this
range. For example, with D/d =1.5 for bending, Kt =2.7 at r/d =0.02, and reduces to Kt
=2.1 at r/d = 0.05
Shaft Stresses
 The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by
where Mm and Ma are the midrange and alternating bending moments, Tm and Ta are
the midrange and alternating torques, and Kf and Kfs are the fatigue stress-concentration
factors for bending and torsion, respectively.
Shaft Stresses
Shaft Stresses
Shaft Stresses
DE Gerber
Different cases of forces
 For a rotating shaft with constant bending and torsion, the bending stress is completely
reversed and the torsion is steady. Equations (7–7) through (7–14) can be simplified by
setting Mm and Ta equal to 0, which simply drops out some of the
 terms.Ma≠0 Mm=0 but Ta=0 Tm ≠0
Material Selection & Corrected
Endurance limit using Marine factor
DE-Goodman criterion

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Shaft Design

 A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to

 Deflection primarily controlled by geometry, not material

 Combined Normal and Torsional Shear

Shaft Shoulder is the key

 The geometric configuration of a shaft to be designed is often simply a revision of

(c) Choose fan-shaft configuration.

 Stress analysis for shafts is highly dependent on stress

 The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by

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