In Flores C Ense

INFLORESCENCE
 The arrangement and distribution of flower in the axis of

plant is called inflorescence.
 The supporting stalk in inflorescence is known as peduncle.
 The supporting stalk of individual flower is called pedicel.
 Solitary terminal is the inflorescence in which single flower of
the terminal part of growth.eg:- Poppy
 Solitary axillary: If single flower develops from the axis of
leaves and branches of plant, then the inflorescence will be
solitary axillary. for eg:- Nausturtium
 Based on the mode of distribution and origination of flower, in
plant, inflorescence can be categorized as:
1.Racemose
2.Cymose
Types of racemose inflorescence
a. With elongated main axis:
a. With elongated main axis: continueee
2
b. With shortened main axis
1
b. With shortened main axis continue…
2.Umbel
It consists of a very short axis. All the flowers
have long stalk arising from the same point
e.g. Cantella.In some cases, a flower is
represented by an umber and is called
compound umbel. It is foung in Coriandrum.
C. With flattened main axis
Head or capitulum
 In this inflorescene, the main axis is

compressed and forms a convex
structure called receptacle.
 On the receptacle, sessile less
flowers (florets) are arranged in a
centripetal order.
 Peripheral flowers are called ray
florets and central flower are called
disc florets
 The whole inflorescene is
surrounded by an involucre of
bracts.
 The members of family compositae
like sunflower, marigold, etc bear it.
2.
Flower
 Flower is the reproductive part
of the angiosperm which
consists of four whorls i.e.
 Calyx
 Corolla
 Androecium
 Gynoecium
 Floral leaves are arranged in circle
 Flowers of different plants differ in

colour, size and shape but their pattern
of organization is same
Parts of Flower
A) Bract:
 The small leafy pointed
structure known as bract may
be present at the base of the
flower.
 Flower with bract is known as
bracteate flower and without
bract is known as an ebracteate
flower.
 A whorl of bracts is known as
involucre. Eg; Sunflower
 In some cases, a secondary bract arises
at the base of individual flower known as
bracteole. The flower with bracteole is
called bracteolate.
B. Pedicel:-
C)Body of flowers
C)Body of flowers
C)Body of flowers
C)Body of flowers
C)Body of flowers
Thalamus of flower
•The thalamus is the swollen tip of a pedicle or the floral axis
on which the floral whorls are developed in a cyclic manner.
On the basis of shape of thalamus angiospermic flower can be
categorized into three types;
• Hypogynous
•Perigynous
•Epigynous
Hypogynous:
In this type, the thalamus is swollen at the topmost position of which
lies the ovary and other floral parts arise below the ovary on the
thalamus so that the position of ovary becomes superior and other
floral parts become inferior. Example; Brassica, Solanum.
Perigynous:
Here the thalamus is cup-shaped in which ovary lies at the central
position and other floral parts arise around the ovary on the rim of the
thalamus. Due to this, the position of ovary becomes semi-inferior and
other floral parts superior in nature. Eg; Rose
Epigynous:
Here the thalamus is cup-shaped with a deep cavity which encloses the
ovary and other floral parts arise above the ovary on the thalamus so
that the ovary becomes inferior and other floral parts superior in
nature. Eg; Tagetes
C)Body of flowers
Cyclic:-if sepals
and petals of a
flower are
arranged in a
whorl the flower
is cyclic.
Acyclic flower:-
It is a flower, all
of whose parts
are arranged in a
spiral.
Parts of the body of a flower
 There are four whorls:
1.Calyx
 The calyx is the outermost whorl of a flower.
 It comprises sepals, tiny leaves present at the base of a flower.
 Some plants have coloured sepals, the calyx and are
called petaloid.( Green colour= sepaloid)
 If the sepals are free the calyx is called polysepalous (eg:-
mustard), and if they are united it is called gamosepalous (eg:-
tomato).
 In many flowers, the sepals fall off
before the flower even opens fully. Such
sepals are known as caducous. (eg:-
Poppy plant)
 In some, the sepals fall persist even after
fertilization. Such sepals are known
as persistent.(eg:- tomato)
2. Epicalayx
 It is the extra whorl of green sepal like floral
leaves, present outside calyx
 Eg:-strawberry
 Mostly malvaceae (cotton, lady’s finger)
3. Corolla
 This is the second whorl of a flower.
 It contains petals
 Petals are brightly coloured and scented to
attract animals and insects for pollination.
 Corolla with greenish tinge is called sepaloid.
 Corolla may be polypetalous (=
choripetalous, petals free) or gamopetalous
(= sympetalous, petals fused).
Forms of polypetalous corolla
1.Cruciform corolla:
 The presence of four free petals
arranged in a cross-like manner and
each petal differentiated into the
broad limb and pointed claw.
 Eg; Brassicaceae
2.Caryophyllaceous corolla:
The presence of five free petals each
petal differentiated into an elongated
claw and broad limb placed at a right
angled to each other.
Eg; family Caryophyllaceae
Forms of polypetalous corolla
3. Papilionaceous corolla:
 The presence of five unequal sized petals.
 The posterior largest petals are known as
standard or vexillum.
 Two lateral medium sized petals are
known as wings or alae.
 Two anterior smallest fused petals is
known as keels(Carina).
 These petals give a butterfly-like
appearance to the flower. Eg; Pea
4. Rosaceous:
 It comprises the clawless petals, which
only contains limbs expanding outwards
 Conversely, the odd petals are anterior in
position. It is common in the members of
the Rosaceous family, like a rose.
Aestivation
 Aestivation is the mode of arrangement of sepals or
petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members
of the same whorl.
 The main types of aestivation are valvate, twisted,
imbricate
Types of Aestivation
For eg:- china

for eg:- rose
Mustard
• Has following
subtypes
1. Quincuncial
2. Ascending
imbricated
3. Descending
imbricated or
vexillary
4. Imbricated
proper
Cucurbita
Ascending Imbricate aestivation
 In this type the posterior odd
petal is innermost being
overlapped by one margin of the
two lateral petals. The other
margin of the two lateral petals is
overlapped by the two anterior
petals for eg:- calyx of pea
Descending imbricate
aestivation/vexillary
 In descending imbricate aestivation,
the posterior petal overlaps one
margin of the two lateral petals.
Another margin of such two lateral
petals overlaps the two anterior
petals that are united.
Imbricate proper
 Having one sepal or
petal completely
internal, one
completely external
and remaining three
with one margin
external and other
marginal internal
Types of anther according to lobes
1. Monothecous anthers have
a single lobe with two pollen
chambers in it.
Malvaceae family
2. Dithecous anthers have two

lobes with two pollen chambers
in each.
Solanum
Forms of fixation of anther:
Basifixed anther are those which
attached to the filament at the base
and point outwards. For eg:- Radish,
mustard
Dorsifixed anther are those which are

attached to the filament with their
back. For eg:-Prunus
Versatile anther, the attachment is at

the middle which allows the anther to
move freely.eg:- grasses
Adnate:-An anther is adnate when

fixed by its whole length to the
filament. For eg:- Ranunculus
Pea, sunflower etc
 In Lily, the stamens are attached to the perianth and this

condition is called epiphyllous stamens
Inserted and exserted stamens:-When filaments are very
long, stamens protrude out of the flower and are termed
exserted. For eg:- Solanum
On the contrary, when stamens remain within the flower;

they are termed inserted. For eg:- Acacia
For eg:- Ocimum for eg:-Brassica
Synandrous: Having stamen fused along both their
filaments and anthers. Members of Cucurbitaceae
Polyandrous Androecium: When the stamens of a flower

are free, the condition is called polyandrous. Example:
Petunia.
Adelphous:- Anthers free and filament are fused.
a. Monoadelphous: When the stamens are fused together in a single

bundle but the anthers remain free, the stamens are said to be
monoadelphous, example, Hibiscus, Abelmoschus,
b. Diadelphous: When the stamens are fused into two bundles, but
the anthers are free, the stamens are said to be diadelphous.For
eg:-Pisum, Clitoria, Cicer etc.
c. Polyadelphous: The stamens are said to be polyadelphous when

the filaments are united into more than two bundles and the
anthers remain free, example, Citrus, Bombax, Ricinus (castor) etc.
.
Syngenesious: The stamens are said to be syngenesious when the
anthers are united together but the filaments remain free from one
another, example, Tridax, Helianthus, Tagetes, Ageratum etc.
Synandrous: When both the anthers and filaments of all the stamens
fuse together, the condition is said to be synandrous, example,
Cucurbita (gourd), Cucumis (cucumber) and other plants of
cucurbitaceae family
Introrse and extrorse:- Anther facing inwards is called
introrse. Eg:- Hibiscus, Solanum and the anther facing
outwards is called extrorse. Eg:- Papaver, Argemone etc.

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In Flores C Ense

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INFLORESCENCE

 The arrangement and distribution of flower in the axis of

 In this inflorescene, the main axis is

 Floral leaves are arranged in circle

 Flowers of different plants differ in

For eg:- china

2. Dithecous anthers have two

Dorsifixed anther are those which are

Versatile anther, the attachment is at

Adnate:-An anther is adnate when

 In Lily, the stamens are attached to the perianth and this

On the contrary, when stamens remain within the flower;

Polyandrous Androecium: When the stamens of a flower

a. Monoadelphous: When the stamens are fused together in a single

c. Polyadelphous: The stamens are said to be polyadelphous when

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