Object Oriented Programming (Using

Python)
UNIT- III
Python Libraries:
 Numpy
o Printing arrays
o Basic Operations

https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/quickstart.html#quickstart-
array-creation
Printing Arrays
• When you print an array, NumPy displays it in a similar way to
nested lists, but with the following layout:
 the last axis is printed from left to right,
 the second-to-last is printed from top to bottom,
 the rest are also printed from top to bottom, with each
slice separated from the next by an empty line.
• One-dimensional arrays are then printed as rows,
bidimensionals as matrices and tridimensionals as lists of
matrices.

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Printing Arrays
Example: 1d array
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.arange(5) # 1d array
>>> print(a)
[0 1 2 3 4]
>>> a
array([0, 1,
2, 3, 4])

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Printing Arrays
Example: 2d array
>>> import numpy as np
>>> b = np.arange(12).reshape(4, 3) # 2d array
>>> print(b)
[[ 0 1 2]
[ 3 4 5]
[ 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11]]
>>> b
array([[ 0, 1, 2],
[ 3, 4, 5],
[ 6, 7, 8],
[ 9, 10, 11]])
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Printing Arrays
Example: 3d array
>>> import numpy as np
>>> c = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4) # 3d array
>>> print(c)
[[[ 0 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 6 7]
[ 8 9 10 11]]

[[12 13 14 15]
[16 17 18 19]
[20 21 22 23]]]

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Printing Arrays
numpy.reshape
Gives a new shape to an array without changing its data.
Syntax:
numpy.reshape(a, newshape, order='C')
Parameters:
a: array_like # Array to be reshaped.
newshape:int or tuple of ints
The newshape should be compatible with the
original shape. If an integer,
then the result will be a 1-D array of that length. One
shape dimension can be
-1. In this case, the value is inferred from the length of the array 6
Printing Arrays
numpy.reshape
Syntax:
numpy.reshape(a, newshape, order='C')
Parameters:
order:{‘C’, ‘F’, ‘A’}, optional
Read the elements of a using this index order, and place the elements into
the
reshaped array using this index order.
‘C’ means to read / write the elements using C-like index order, with the last
axis index changing fastest, back to the first axis index changing slowest.
‘F’ means to read / write the elements using Fortran-like index order, with the
first index changing fastest, and the last index changing slowest.
‘A’ meansintomemory,
contiguous read / write
C-likethe elements
order in Fortran-like index order if a is Fortran7
otherwise.
Printing Arrays
If an array is too large to be printed, NumPy automatically skips
the central part of the array and only prints the corners:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> print(np.arange(10000))
[ 0 1 2 ... 9997 9998 9999]
>>> print(np.arange(10000).reshape(100, 100))
[[ 0 1 2 ... 97 98 99]
[ 100 101 102 ... 197 198 199]
[ 200 201 202 ... 297 298 299]
...
[9700 9701 9702 ... 9797 9798 9799]
[9800 9801 9802 ... 9897 9898 9899]
[9900 9901 9902 ... 9997 9998 9999]] 8
Printing Arrays
To disable this behaviour and force NumPy to print the entire
array, you can change the printing options using
set_printoptions.
>>> np.set_printoptions(threshold=sys.maxsize)
# sys module should be imported

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Basic Operations
• Arithmetic operators on arrays apply elementwise.
• A new array is created and filled with the result.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a=np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> a
array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> b = np.arange(4)
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])

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Basic Operations
>>> a=np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> a
array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> b = np.arange(4)
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> c=a-b
>>> c
array([10, 19, 28, 37])
>>> d=a+b
>>> d
array([10, 21, 32, 43])
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Basic Operations
>>> a=np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> a
array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> b = np.arange(4)
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> b**2
array([0, 1, 4, 9])
>>> 10*np.sin(a)
array([-5.44021111, 9.12945251, -9.88031624,
7.4511316 ])

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Basic Operations
>>> a=np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> a
array([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> b = np.arange(4)
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> a<30
array([ True, True, False, False])
>>> a>30
array([False, False, False, True])

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Basic Operations
• The product operator * operates elementwise in NumPy arrays.
• The matrix product can be performed using the @ operator (in python
>=3.5) or the dot function or method:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> A = np.array([[1, 1],
[0, 1]])
>>> A
array([[1, 1],
[0, 1]])
>>> B = np.array([[2, 0],
[3, 4]])
>>> B
array([[2, 0],
[3, 4]]) 14
Basic Operations
>>> A * B # elementwise product
array([[2, 0],
[0, 4]])
>>> A @ B # matrix product
array([[5, 4],
[3, 4]])
>>> A.dot(B)# another
matrix product
array([[5, 4],
[3, 4]])

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Basic Operations
• Some operations, such as += and *=, act in place to modify an existing
array rather than create a new one:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> rg = np.random.default_rng(1)# create instance of
default random number generator
>>> a = np.ones((2, 3), dtype=int)
>>> a
array([[1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1]])
>>> b = rg.random((2, 3))
>>> b
array([[0.51182162,
0.9504637 , 0.14415961],
[0.94864945,
0.31183145, 16
Basic Operations
>>> a *= 3
>>> a
array([[3, 3, 3],
[3, 3, 3]])
>>> b += a
>>> b
array([[3.51182162, 3.9504637 , 3.14415961],
[3.94864945, 3.31183145, 3.42332645]])
>>> a += b # b is not automatically converted
to integer type
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
a += b # b is not automatically converted to integer type
numpy.core._exceptions._UFuncOutputCastingError: Cannot cast ufunc 'add'
output from dtype('float64') to dtype('int32') with casting
'same_kind' rule
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Basic Operations
• When operating with arrays of different types, the type of the resulting
array corresponds to the more general or precise one (a behavior known
as upcasting):
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import math
>>> a = np.ones(3, dtype=np.int32)
>>> a
array([1, 1, 1])
>>> a
array([1, 1, 1])
>>> a.dtype.name
'int32'

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Basic Operations
>>> b = np.linspace(0, math.pi, 3)
>>> b
array([0. , 1.57079633, 3.14159265])
>>> b.dtype.name
'float64‘
>>> c = a + b
>>> c
array([1. , 2.57079633, 4.14159265])
>>> c.dtype.name
'float64‘

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Basic Operations
>>> d = np.exp(c * 1j)
>>> d
array([ 0.54030231+0.84147098j, -
0.84147098+0.54030231j,
-0.54030231-0.84147098j])
>>> d.dtype.name
'complex128‘

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Basic Operations
• Many unary operations, such as computing the sum of all the elements in
the array, are implemented as methods of the ndarray class:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = rg.random((2, 3))
>>> a.sum()
3.1057109529998157
>>> a.min()
0.0275591132430683
67
>>> a.max()
0.8277025938204418

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Basic Operations
• By default, these operations apply to the array as though it were a list of
numbers, regardless of its shape.
• However, by specifying the axis parameter you can apply an operation
along the specified axis of an array:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> b = np.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
>>> b
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])

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Basic Operations
>>> import numpy as np
>>> b = np.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
>>> b
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> b.sum(axis=0) # sum of each column
array([12, 15, 18, 21])
>>> b.min(axis=1) # min of each row
array([0, 4, 8])
>>> b.cumsum(axis=1) # cumulative sum along each row
array([[ 0, 1, 3, 6],
[ 4, 9, 15, 22],
[ 8, 17, 27, 38]])
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Universal Functions
• NumPy provides familiar mathematical functions such as sin, cos, and exp.
• In NumPy, these are called “universal functions” (ufunc).
• Within NumPy, these functions operate elementwise on an
array,
producing an array as output.
>>> import numpy as np

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Universal Functions
>>> import numpy as np
>>> B = np.arange(3)
>>> B
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> np.exp(B)
array([1. , 2.71828183, 7.3890561 ])
>>> np.sqrt(B)
array([0. , 1. , 1.41421356])
>>> C = np.array([2., -1., 4.])
>>> C
array([ 2., -1., 4.])
>>> np.add(B, C)
array([2., 0., 6.])
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Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
• Return the cross product of two (arrays of) vectors.
Syntax:
numpy.cross(a, b, axisa=-1, axisb=-1, axisc=-1,
axis=None)

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Universal Functions: cross product
numpy.cross(a, b, axisa=-1, axisb=-1, axisc=-1, axis=None)
Parameters:
a: array_like # Components of the first vector(s)
b: array_like # Components of the second vector(s)
axisa: int, optional
Axis of a that defines the vector(s). By default, the last axis.
axisb: int, optional
Axis of b that defines the vector(s). By default, the last axis.
axisc: int, optional
Axis of c containing the cross product vector(s). Ignored if both input vectors have dimension
2, as the return is scalar. By default, the last axis.
axis: int, optional
If defined, the axis of a, b and c that defines the vector(s) and cross product(s). Overrides
axisa, axisb and axisc.
Returns: c: ndarray # Vector cross product(s)
Raises: ValueError
When the dimension of the vector(s) in a and/or b does not equal 2 or 3. 27
Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Assuming we have vector A with elements (A1, A2, A3) and vector B with
elements (B1, B2, B3), we can calculate the cross product of these two vectors
as:
Cross Product = [(A2*B3) – (A3*B2), (A3*B1) –
(A1*B3), (A1*B2) – (A2*B1)]
Example:
Vector A: (1, 2, 3)
Vector B: (4, 5, 6)
Cross Product = [(A2*B3) – (A3*B2), (A3*B1) – (A1*B3), (A1*B2) – (A2*B1)]
= [(2*6) – (3*5), (3*4) – (1*6), (1*5) – (2*4)]
= (-3, 6, -3) 28
Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> x
[1, 2, 3]
>>> y =
[4, 5, 6]
>>> y
[4, 5, 6]
>>>
np.cross(
x, y)
array([- 29
Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
One vector with dimension 2:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = [1, 2]
>>> x
[1, 2]
>>> y = [4, 5, 6]
>>> y
[4, 5, 6]
>>> np.cross(x, y)
array([12, -6, -3])
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Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
Equivalently:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = [1, 2, 0]
>>> x
[1, 2,0]
>>> y = [4, 5, 6]
>>> y
[4, 5, 6]
>>> np.cross(x, y)
array([12, -6, -3])
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Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
Both vectors with dimension 2:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = [1, 2]
>>> x
[1, 2]
>>> y = [4, 5]
>>> y
[4, 5]
>>> np.cross(x, y)
array(-3)
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Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
Multiple vector cross-products.
Note that the direction of the cross product vector is defined by the right-
hand rule:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
>>> y = np.array([[4,5,6], [1,2,3]])
>>> np.cross(x, y)
array([[-3, 6, -
3],
[ 3, -6,
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Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
Multiple vector cross-products.
The orientation of c can be changed
using the axisc keyword.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.array([[1,2,3],
[4,5,6]])
>>> y = np.array([[4,5,6],
[1,2,3]])
>>> np.cross(x, y, axisc=0)
array([[-3, 3],
[ 6, -6], 34
Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
Multiple vector cross-products.
Change the vector definition of x and y
using axisa and axisb.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.array([[1,2,3],
[4,5,6], [7, 8, 9]])
array([[
>>> -6, 12, -6],
y = np.array([[7, 8,
[ 0, [1,2,3]])
9], [4,5,6], 0, 0],
[ 6, -12,
>>> np.cross(x, y) 6]])

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Universal Functions: cross product
cross product of two (arrays of) vectors:
Example program: Vector cross-product
Multiple vector cross-products.
Change the vector definition of x and y
using axisa and axisb.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.array([[1,2,3],
[4,5,6], [7, 8, 9]])
array([[-24,
>>> 48, -24],
y = np.array([[7, 8,
[-30, [1,2,3]])
9], [4,5,6], 60, -30],
[-36, 72,
>>> np.cross(x, y, -36]])
axisa=0,
axisb=0)
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Universal Functions: Others
all, any, apply_along_axis, argmax, argmin, argsort, average, bincount, ceil,
clip, conj, corrcoef, cov, cross, cumprod, cumsum, diff, dot, floor, inner, invert,
lexsort, max, maximum, mean, median, min, minimum, nonzero, outer, prod,
re, round, sort, std, sum, trace, transpose, var, vdot, vectorize, where

Refer:
https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/quickstart.html#quickstart-array-creation

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