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    Epidemic 2021 For Uploading 2

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    Jewel Mae Daniel
    This document discusses epidemics and defines different types of outbreaks. It describes how epidemics have spread faster and impacted the global economy in the 21st century. Epidemics occur due to new diseases, changes in environment, agents, or host susceptibility. Different epidemic patterns are explained through common source, propagated, and mixed curves. Control measures aim to eliminate disease sources, interrupt transmission, and protect susceptibles. Physical distancing is crucial for reducing COVID-19 transmission since no vaccine or drug currently exists. A 5-stage response framework matches interventions to epidemic phases from early detection to elimination.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Epidemic 2021 For Uploading 2

    Uploaded by

    Jewel Mae Daniel
    11 views22 pages
    This document discusses epidemics and defines different types of outbreaks. It describes how epidemics have spread faster and impacted the global economy in the 21st century. Epidemics occur due to new diseases, changes in environment, agents, or host susceptibility. Different epidemic patterns are explained through common source, propagated, and mixed curves. Control measures aim to eliminate disease sources, interrupt transmission, and protect susceptibles. Physical distancing is crucial for reducing COVID-19 transmission since no vaccine or drug currently exists. A 5-stage response framework matches interventions to epidemic phases from early detection to elimination.

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    Epidemic 2021 for Uploading 2(4)

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    This document discusses epidemics and defines different types of outbreaks. It describes how epidemics have spread faster and impacted the global economy in the 21st century. Epidemics occur due to new diseases, changes in environment, agents, or host susceptibility. Different epidemic patterns are explained through common source, propagated, and mixed curves. Control measures aim to eliminate disease sources, interrupt transmission, and protect susceptibles. Physical distancing is crucial for reducing COVID-19 transmission since no vaccine or drug currently exists. A 5-stage response framework matches interventions to epidemic phases from early detection to elimination.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views22 pages

    Epidemic 2021 For Uploading 2

    Uploaded by

    Jewel Mae Daniel
    This document discusses epidemics and defines different types of outbreaks. It describes how epidemics have spread faster and impacted the global economy in the 21st century. Epidemics occur due to new diseases, changes in environment, agents, or host susceptibility. Different epidemic patterns are explained through common source, propagated, and mixed curves. Control measures aim to eliminate disease sources, interrupt transmission, and protect susceptibles. Physical distancing is crucial for reducing COVID-19 transmission since no vaccine or drug currently exists. A 5-stage response framework matches interventions to epidemic phases from early detection to elimination.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    EPIDEMICS

    Epidemics
    Ma. Lucila M. Perez, MD, MSc

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Definitions

    John Hopkins School of Public Health


    • Hyperendemic – persistent high levels of disease occurrence
    • Outbreak - an epidemic in relatively limited geographic or focal area

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Epidemics in the 21st century

    Faster and further with greater impact:


    • Spread widely, more quickly, affecting more people
    • Produce ruinous impact on economy (global), disrupt
    travel, trade, livelihoods
    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2
    EPIDEMICS

    WHICH IS AN OUTBREAK / EPIDEMIC?


    ✔ 1. 10 members of the swim team
    ️ vomiting after eating at
    Restaurant A
    X 2. 30 Dengue cases every month for
    the past year
    ✔ 3. 196 Measles cases in NCR from
    ️ January 1-19, 2019

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS
    Coronavirus COVID-19, Philippines
    January – March 2020
    200 187
    180
    160
    140 142
    140
    120 111
    100 89
    80 64
    60 52
    40 33
    20 5 6 10
    3
    0
    30-Jan 5-Mar 6-Mar 8-Mar 9-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar 16-Mar 17-Mar

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    EPIDEMIC PHASES

    Introduction Localized Amplification Reduced


    or emergence transmission Transmission

    1st Phase: Emergence in a community


    2nd Phase: Localized transmission or sporadic infections occur
    3rd Phase: Human to human transmission causes a sustained outbreak
    4th Phase: Reduced transmission because population acquires
    immunity or effective interventions control the spread
    WHO, 2018
    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2
    EPIDEMICS

    Why do Epidemics Occur?


    1. New disease
    A. Introduction of a new disease
    B. Recognition for the first time of an already existing
    disease known by another name

    C. Diseases previously affecting only lower animals

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Why do Epidemics Occur?


    2. Flare up of an old or existing disease, implying
    changes in :
    a. Environment – favorable conditions for survival of
    vectors & enhanced mode of transmission
    ex. calamities
    b. Agent – inc. virulence, new strain, inc. capacity to
    multiply
    c. Host – inc. susceptibility : lowering of general
    resistance, decrease herd immunity

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Herd Immunity Threshold

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Epidemic Patterns
    • According to manner of spread
    1. Common – source: exposed to same source
    a) Point source – cases all exposed to same source during brief period of time,
    cases occur within one incubation period

    b) Continuous source – same source during more than a brief period

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Epidemic Curves
    Exposure

    Salmonella outbreak at wedding reception

    POINT SOURCE EPIDEMIC CURVE


    Explosive exposure (steep upslope) and a more gradual downslope
    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2
    EPIDEMICS

    Epidemic Curves

    CONTINUOUS SOURCE CURVE


    Range of exposures and incubation periods tend to flatten and widen the peaks
    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2
    EPIDEMICS

    Epidemic Patterns
    2. Propagated: Infectious agent passes from one host to
    another, cases occur over >1 incubation period
    a) directly from person to person (ex. handshaking or kissing), or
    b) indirectly via vectors (ex. malaria ) or vehicles (ex. HIV )

    3. Mixed

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    PROPAGATED (PROGRESSIVE) EPIDEMIC CURVE


    Peaks occur consistent with incubation period of the disease

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Epidemic Curves

    E. Coli 0157 in Nursery

    E.Coli 0157 in nursery

    MIXED EPIDEMIC CURVE


    Characteristics of both common and propagated
    epidemics Ex. Often in food-borne infectious agents
    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2
    EPIDEMICS

    USES OF EPIDEMIC CURVES


    1) Type of exposure from its shape

    2) Suggest possible agents - if time of exposure is known

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    USES OF EPIDEMIC CURVES


    3) ID time of onset - if agent is known

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Control and Preventive measures

    1. Eradication/elimination of disease agents at source


    2. Interrupt / closure of transmission
    3. Exhaustion or protection of susceptibles

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Control and Preventive measures


    ___
    1 1. Remove source of contamination
    ___
    1 2. Treat the infected person
    ___
    2 3. Physical distancing

    1. Eradication / elimination of disease agents at source


    2. Interrupt / closure of transmission
    3. Exhaustion of susceptibles

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Physical Distancing and COVID-19 infection

    Unlike other diseases, there is no known effective drug or vaccine against this novel virus.
    Drastic mitigation measures such as social distancing and lockdowns could delay the
    epidemic and flatten the curve thus, reducing the burden on hospitals and infrastructure.

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    5 Stages of Response Interventions

    Response Anticipation Early Containment. Control & Elimination or


    Interventions detection Mitigation Eradication

    EPIDEMIC Introduction Localized Amplification Reduced


    PHASES or emergence transmission Transmission

    The phases of epidemics, as described before, will dictate


    the response and the sequence of interventions

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2


    EPIDEMICS

    Stay safe everyone! STAY HOME

    PREVENTIVE & COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 YL 2

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