Chapter 2

THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Sociology, Anthropology,
and Political Science
The study of Society can be
accomplished in three different ways:
1. By mapping the social forces

impinging on social actors as
their lives intersect in society.
2. By rehearsing the structures

and components of cultural
practices and traditions.
3. By exposing the
asymmetrical power
distributions among members
of social communities and
organizations.
SOCIOLOGY
SOCIAL FORCE
• represent a constellation of unseen yet
powerful forces influencing the
behavior of individuals and institutions.
• considered remote and impersonal
because mostly people have no hand in
creating them.
SOCIAL MAP
• refers to a person’s specific economic
and political location.
• determines the enduring opportunities
and limitations in life.
SOCIOLOGY
• Sociology was born in Europe during
Industrial Period.
• August Comte- coined the term
sociology.
• The first sociologists are Karl Marx,
Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.
Emile Durkheim - Social Fact
(Reality)
Karl Marx - Conflict Paradigm
(life is not easy)
Emile Durkheim and Max
Weber - Functions (survive)
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
• Charles Horton Cooley, Herbert Blumer and
George Herbert Mead.
• governed by the meanings shared and co
created by social actors in every interaction.
• symbols are the interpretation of which
shape and influence the emerging
interactions.
ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
The American Anthropological
Association describes Anthropology
as science seeking to
“uncover principles of behavior that
apply to all human communities”
ANTHROPOLOGY
-experience change the behavior of a
person
-experience is the best teacher but
without reflection, it is nothing.
Universal Culture
-cultural artifacts that appear the same or
similar everywhere they are found.
Culture Universal
-patterns of similarity within an array of
differences.
EQUAL BUT DIFFERENT

SOCIAL DIVERSITY- refers to the gaps between
people as measured by the presence/ absence of
certain socially desirable traits.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY- to serve justice or to

serve equity?
- to serve true essence of equality is
equity
Modalities of Social Inequality
Sociology – Merit System/Division of Labor
Political Science – Asymmetrical distribution of

power in society
Anthropology – Equal but different ways

ANTHROPOLOGY
“child of colonization”
Who we are today is the
fruit of system of other.
Two Essential Things
1. Its “methodology” of documenting
one’s engagement with a different
culture.
2. Its fascination with the ways of life in

different societies.
ETHNOGRAPHY
research design where people
are observed in their natural
environment rather than in a
formal research setting.
The difference between
Cultural Diversity Social Diversity

range of different refers to the gaps
societies or people of between people as
different origins, measured by the
religions, and presence or absence of
traditions all living and certain socially
interacting together. desirable traits.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
POLITICAL SCIENCE
• is a systematic study of government and
politics.
• it makes generalizations and analyses about
political systems and political behavior.
• it deals extensively with the theory and
practice of politics which is commonly
thought as the determining factor in the
distribution of power and resources.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Includes the study of:
• Political Philosophy- theories, concepts
used in different countries
• Ethics- deals with moral, right or wrong
• International Relations- relationship
with different countries
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Includes the study of:
• Foreign Policy- division od countries
• Public Administration- how to
administer, be a good leader and an
effective leadership
POWER RELATIONS
- are forms of interaction
mediated by the use and
deployment of authority and
political influence.
THE SOCIAL
AS A TOOL OF
CHANGE
SOCIAL ACTIVISM
• consists of the efforts to promote, inhibit or
direct social, political, economic or
environmental issues.
• it can be through the form of writing letters
to newspapers or politicians, to political
campaigning, to taking part in economic
boycotts, through form of art.

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THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. By mapping the social forces

2. By rehearsing the structures

EQUAL BUT DIFFERENT

SOCIAL INEQUALITY- to serve justice or to

Political Science – Asymmetrical distribution of

Anthropology – Equal but different ways

2. Its fascination with the ways of life in

Cultural Diversity Social Diversity

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