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Oppositional Inference

This document discusses different types of oppositional inference: 1. Contradictory opposition between A and O propositions and between E and I propositions, where if one is true the other is false, and vice versa. 2. Contrary opposition between A and E propositions, where if one is true the other is false but if one is false the other is unknown. 3. Sub-contrary opposition between I and O propositions, where if one is true the other is unknown, and if one is false the other is true. 4. Sub-altern opposition between A and I propositions and between E and O propositions, where the truth value of the universal

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Bagi Racelis
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250 views

Oppositional Inference

This document discusses different types of oppositional inference: 1. Contradictory opposition between A and O propositions and between E and I propositions, where if one is true the other is false, and vice versa. 2. Contrary opposition between A and E propositions, where if one is true the other is false but if one is false the other is unknown. 3. Sub-contrary opposition between I and O propositions, where if one is true the other is unknown, and if one is false the other is true. 4. Sub-altern opposition between A and I propositions and between E and O propositions, where the truth value of the universal

Uploaded by

Bagi Racelis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6

OPPOSITIONAL
INFERRENCE
Immediate Inference - Oppositional Inference

A.      Oppositional Inference
 – it is a type of immediate inference in which we deduce the truth value of
another proposition (can be A, E, I, O) from a given truth value of a proposition
of the same structure.

Example:
                                “All men are mortals” is true.
                                Therefore, “No men are mortals” is _______.
                                The answer is false.
TYPES OF OPPOSITIONAL INFERENCE
1. CONTRADICTORY OPPOSITION

2. CONTRARY OPPOSTION

3. SUB-CONTRARY OPPOSITION

4. SUB-ALTERNS
CONTRADICTORY OPPOSITION
    

 the opposition between A & O propositions and E & I propositions.


Rule: If one is true, the other is false. If one is false, the other is true.

Examples:

 (A) All men are mortals. – True | False


(O) Some men are not mortals. – False | True

(O) Some men are not mortals. – False | True


(A) All men are mortals. – True | False

(E) No men are angels. – True | False


(I) Some men are angels. – False | True

(I) Some men are angels. – False | True


(E) No men are angels. – True | False
CONTRARY OPPOSITION
  
 it is the opposition between A and E propositions.
                        Rule: If one is true, the other is false. If one is false, the other is
unknown.

Example:
        If one is true:
                        (A) All men are mortals. – True                  (E) No men are angels. – True
                        (E) No men are mortals. – False                 (A) All men are angels.
– False
        If one is false:
                        (A) All men are angels. – False                   (E) No men are mortals. –
False
                        (E) No men are angels. – Unknown         (A) All men are angels.
– Unknown
Explanation:
If one is false, we cannot immediately infer that
the other is true because it might be the case
that if one is false the other might also be false.
Hence, the better answer is unknown.
SUB-CONTRARY
OPPOSITION
Sub-contrary – it is the opposition between I and O propositions.
                        
Rule: If one is true, the other is Unknown. If one is false, the other
is true.

Example:
        If one is true:
                        (I) Some animals are mammals. – True                  
                        (O) Some animals are not mammals. – Unknown

                        (O) Some animals are not mammals. – True


                        (I) Some animals are mammals. – Unknown
Explanation:

If one is true, we cannot immediately infer that the other is false since it is
possible that the other could also be true; hence, Unknown.

        If one is true:


                        (I) Some animals are flowers. – False                     
                        (O) Some animals are not flowers. – True

                        (O) Some mammals are not animals. – False


                        (I) Some mammals are animals. – True
SUB-ALTERNS
  Sub-altern
it is the opposition between A & I propositions and E & O propositions.

Rule:     
If the universal proposition is true, the particular proposition is true. If the universal
proposition is false, the particular proposition is Unknown.
                If the particular proposition is false, the universal proposition is false. If the
particular proposition is true, the universal proposition is Unknown.

Example:
        If the universal is true:
                        (A) All men are mortals. – True                  (E) No men are angels. – True
                        (I) Some men are mortals. – True             (O) Some men are not angels. –
True
f the universal is false:
                (A) All men are angels. – False                  
(E) No men are mortals. – False
                (I) Some men are angels – Unknown      (O)
Some men are not mortals.Unknown

Explanation:
If the universal is false, we cannot immediately infer
that the particular is also false since it is possible
that the particular can be true.
If the particular is true:
                (I) Some animals are mammals. – True
                (A) All animals are mammals. – Unknown

                (O) Some animals are not mammals. – True


                (E) No animals are not mammals. – Unknown

Explanation:
If the particular is false, it is possible that the universal can be
true or can be false; hence, Unknown.
If the particular is false:
                (I) Some animals are mammals. – False
                (A) All animals are mammals. – False

                (O) Some animals are not mammals. – False


                (E) No animals are not mammals. – False
THANK
YOU!!!!

 Prepared by: Russell Jhonn R. Alburo

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