Create Table Structure and Modify Data

Chapter 7
 SQL Statements: A Review
• SQL statements are categorized into four categories:
– DDL (Data Definition Language)
– DML (Data Manipulation Language)
– DCL (Data Control Language)
– TCL (Transaction Control Language)

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 DDL (Data Definition Language): A Review
• SQL commands used to create and modify the structure of
database objects:
– CREATE – create the database or its objects (table, index, function,
views, store procedure and triggers)
– DROP – delete objects from the database
– ALTER – alter the structure of the database
– TRUNCATE – remove all rows (records) from a table
– COMMENT – add comments to the data dictionary
– RENAME – Rename an object existing in the database
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 DML (Data Manipulation Language): A Review
• SQL commands that deal with the manipulation of data in a
database:
– SELECT – retrieve data from the a database
– INSERT – insert data into a table
– UPDATE – update existing data within a table
– DELETE – delete rows (records) from a database table

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 Creating a Schema
• A schema is an object that serves as a container for database
objects, such as tables, views, indexes, stored procedures, and
other object types
• A schema is created by entering:

CREATE SCHEMA myschema;

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 Database Table
• A base table is a database object that stores physical data
– Often referred to as just table
• Stored in schema
• Uniquely identified by name
• Layout of the table must be described and created:
– Includes defining the characteristics of columns, including names, sizes,
data type, valid values, default value, and others
– Determined from the relational model

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 Rules for Naming Tables and Columns: A Review
• Names must start with an alpha character
• After position 1, names can contain letters, number and
underscores (_)
• Names cannot exceed 30 characters
• Names cannot contain spaces
• Do not use any SQL reserved keywords, such as "select",
"create" or "insert" as names for tables or column names

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ANSI SQL Data Types

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 Character Data Types
• Character data can be:
– Alphabetic letters, numbers, and special characters (e.g., punctuation
marks, currency symbols)
– One character occupies a single byte CREATE TABLE customers

• CHAR (… address CHAR(35),

email VARCHAR(256), …)
– Fixed length character string
– All values in column have same length
 A CHAR(50) field will reserve 50 bytes of storage
 Value is padded to the right with blanks

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 VARCHAR Data Type
• VARCHAR(max-length)
CREATE TABLE customers
– Variable length character string (… address CHAR(35),

– Column length is uncertain email VARCHAR(256), …)

 Not padded with blanks

– The actual data is preceded by a two-byte integer that contains the
actual length

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 Numeric Data
• Limited to numeric digits 0−9
• SQL defines numeric data with precision and scale
– Precision … total number of digits available in the number
– Scale … how many digits are to right of decimal point
• Thousands separators (commas) and decimal point are not stored
• Data type determines how variable is represented and stored
– DECIMAL/NUMERIC
– INTEGER, SMALLINT, BIGINT

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 Integer Data Types
• SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT
– Integers store numeric values in binary format
– Most compact numeric format
– Each bit is either "on" (1) or "off" (0)
– The decimal value is determined by adding the "on" bits together

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 Integer Data Types
Data Type Bytes Bits Digits Min Value Max Value
SMALLINT 2-byte binary 15 5 -32,768 32,767
INTEGER 4-byte binary 31 10 -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
BIGINT 8-byte binary 63 19 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

Value to Represent Bits (2 bytes)

136 0000 0000 1000 1000

CREATE TABLE customers

(… id INTEGER,…)

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 Date and Time Data Types
• Represent dates and times
– Neither character nor numeric data types
– Do not specify scale or precision
• DATE CREATE TABLE customers

• TIME (… renewal DATE,

call_time TIME,
• TIMESTAMP last_update TIMESTAMP, …)

– Represents combination of date and time

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Relational Model

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 Create Table Command
CREATE TABLE employees(
employee_id INTEGER,
first_name VARCHAR (30),
last_name VARCHAR (30),
birth_date DATE,
gender VARCHAR(1),
hire_date DATE,
pension_plan VARCHAR(1),
insurance_plan DECIMAL(1),
hourly_rate DECIMAL (5,2) );

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 Qualifying Table Names
• CREATE TABLE employees

• CREATE TABLE myschema.employees

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 Drop Table
• To delete (DROP) a table, the keywords DROP TABLE followed by
the name of the table
• Dropping the table also delete the data stored in the table

• DROP TABLE employees;

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 SQL - Free-Format Language
• One statement can occupy multiple lines and include blanks
between words
• Not case-sensitive

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DML Statements
 DML Language
• Data Manipulation Language

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 DML Statements
• The SELECT statement does not actually modify a database table
– Used to retrieve data from the database
• INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements:
– Can modify a single row or set of rows in a table
– Cannot modify more than one table in a single statement
– The WHERE clause is used to specify the set of rows to be inserted,
updated, or deleted

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 INSERT Statement
• Insert (add) a row into a table
• The INSERT statement requires three values:
– Table name
– Column names in the table to populate (optional)
– VALUES clause specifies the actual data to be inserted
• Can add one row or several rows at a time
• INSERT statement can be specified two ways:
– Specifying column names with values (Explicit)
– Specifying values without column names (Implicit)
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 INSERT Statement
Explicit Column Names

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Verify INSERT Worked

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 INSERT Statement
Implicit Column Names

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 INSERT Statement
Implicit Column Names

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 INSERT Statement
• Character and date values are encloded in single quotes
• Numeric data is not enclosed in quotes
• If a column list is not provided, a value must be assigned to each
column in the table

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Apostrophe

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INSERT Multiple Rows with Batch INSERT (DB2)

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UPDATEing Data

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 Copy Tables Before Inserting
• Altering tables in your schema
– Make a copy of each table to complete the practice exercises
– Name each table copy_tablename

• The table copies do not inherit the associated primary-to-

foreign-key integrity rules of the original tables
• The column data types are inherited in the copied tables

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 Copy Tables Before Inserting
• Example:
CREATE TABLE copy_f_customers
AS (SELECT * FROM f_customers);

• To verify and view the copy of the table, use the following:

SELECT * FROM copy_f_customers;

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 UPDATE Statement
• Modifies existing rows in a table
• Requires four values:
– Table name
– Column names to be updated
– New value for each of the column(s) being modified
– WHERE clause that identifies which rows in the table will be modified

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 UPDATE Statement
One Row in the Table
• Update a specific row (primary key value in the WHERE clause)
• The SET clause specifies the column(s) to be updated

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 UPDATE Statement
One Row in the Table
• Change the phone number of one customer

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 UPDATE Statement
Multiple Rows in the Table

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 UPDATE Statement
One Row in the Table
• Change several columns and/or rows in one UPDATE
statement using a search condition

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 UPDATE Statement
• Which rows would be updated in the following transaction?

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SET Clause with Multiple Columns

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 DELETE Statement
• Removes one or more existing rows from a table
• The statement requires two values:
– Table name
– WHERE clause that identifies the row(s) to be deleted

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DELETE Statement

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 DELETE Statement
Multiple Rows from a Table
• Delete multiple rows in one DELETE statement using a
search condition

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 DELETE Statement
• What happends when this statement is executed?

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 DELETE Statement
• Clear all rows from a table – intentionally or accidentally –
by entering a DELETE statement with no WHERE clause

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 Integrity Constraint Errors
• Integrity constraints ensure that the data conforms to the
company's business rules
• Constraints are automatically checked whenever a DML
statement is executed against a column
• If any constraint rule would be broken as a result of the
update, the table is not updated and an error is returned

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 DBeaver
• DBeaver is a graphical user interface for managing and
administering databases
• It can be used to create, change, rename and delete SQL objects
• Among the supported SQL objects are schemas, tables, views
and indexes

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