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10.4 Dynamic Equilbrium Final

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Chapter 10 Rates of Reaction

10.4 Dynamic Equilibrium &


Le Chatelier’s Principle

OCR A Level Chemistry A


Year 1 / AS Level
Module 3 Periodic Table & Energy
17/09/23 Pages 152 & 153 in
the OUP Textbook

10.4 Dynamic Equilibrium


Lesson Objectives:
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding
of:
• Explanation that a dynamic equilibrium exists in a closed system when the rate of
the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction and the
concentrations of reactants and products do not change
• Le Chatelier’s principle and its application for homogeneous equilibria to deduce
qualitatively the effect of a change in temperature, pressure or concentration on the
position of equilibrium
• Explanation that a catalyst increases the rate of both forward and reverse reactions
in an equilibrium by the same amount resulting in an unchanged position of
equilibrium
• The techniques and procedures used to investigate changes to the position of
equilibrium for changes in concentration and temperature.
• Explanation of the importance to the chemical industry of a compromise between
chemical equilibrium and reaction rate in deciding the operational conditions
Bell Task

• Draw a Boltzmann distribution graph

• Alter the graph to show the effect in


increasing the temperature

• Alter the graph to show the effect of using


a catalyst
Green Pen Corrections
Green Pen Corrections
Reactions and arrows
The reaction of sodium and chlorine is irreversible.

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) ® 2NaCl(s)

Irreversible reactions are represented by a single arrow: ®.

The reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia


is reversible.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Ammonia can also decompose to form nitrogen and


hydrogen. Reversible reactions that can reach equilibria
are represented by two half arrows: .

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What is equilibrium?
If a reversible reaction is carried out in a closed container
so that the reactants and products cannot escape, a state
of dynamic equilibrium can be established.

A + B C + D

This state is dynamic because both the forward and reverse


reactions are ongoing.
It is an equilibrium because:
 the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are
the same
 the net concentrations of the components of the reaction
mixture remain constant.

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Dynamic equilibrium
This graph illustrates the dynamic nature of equilibrium.
It shows that both the forward and back reactions are taking
place: they both have non-zero rate. When their rates are
equal, equilibrium is reached.

forward reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ® 2SO3(g)

rates are equal


rate

at equilibrium

reverse reaction:
2SO3(g) ® 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

time
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Position of equilibrium

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Composition of the reaction mixture
At equilibrium, the proportions of reactants and products
present may not be a 50:50 mix.

The proportion of reactants


and products depend on the
particular reaction, as well as
factors such as temperature,
concentration and pressure.

However, for a given set of


conditions, a particular
reaction will always have the
same proportions of reactants
and products at equilibrium.

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Dynamic equilibrium: summary

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What is Le Chatelier’s principle?
Le Chatelier’s principle states that:

If a factor affecting the


position of an equilibrium is
altered, the position of the
equilibrium shifts to oppose
the effect of the change.

Le Chatelier’s principle is used to


determine what effect a change will
have on a mixture at equilibrium.

However, it does not explain why


that change will occur, or what the
extent of the change will be.

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Concentration and equilibrium
If the concentration of one of the substances involved in a
dynamic equilibrium changes, the equilibrium will shift to
oppose that change.

A + B C + D

If the concentration of A is increased, the equilibrium will


shift to the right to reduce the amount of A. Increasing the
concentration of any substance causes the equilibrium to
shift to use up more of that substance.

If the concentration of A is reduced, the equilibrium will


shift to the left to increase the amount of A. Decreasing
the concentration of any substance causes the equilibrium
to shift to make more of that substance.

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Concentration and equilibrium

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Concentration & Equilibrium
CH CH OH(l) + CH CH COOH(l) > CH CH COOCH CH (l) + H O(l)
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2

ethanol propanoic acid ethyl propanoate water

Increasing the concentration of a reactant causes the equilibrium to shift in the direction
that decreases this reactant’s concentration:
• The system opposes the change by decreasing the concentration of the reactant by
removing it.
• The position of equilibrium moves to the right-hand side, forming more products.

Increasing the concentration of a product causes the equilibrium to shift in the direction
that decreases this product’s concentration:
• The system opposes the change by decreasing the concentration of the product by
removing it.
• The position of equilibrium will move to the left-hand side, forming more reactants.
Pressure and equilibrium

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Pressure and equilibrium

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Pressure and Equilibrium
Changing the total pressure of a system will only change the position of equilibrium if
there are gases present.
N (g) + 3H (g) > 2NH (g)
2 2 3

4 mol of gas 2 mol of gas


higher pressure lower pressure
The side with more moles of gas is the side at the higher pressure.

• Increasing the total pressure of the system causes the position of equilibrium to move to
the side with fewer gas molecules, as this will decrease the pressure.
• In our equation, the position of equilibrium will move to the right.

• Decreasing the total pressure of the system causes the position of equilibrium to move
to the side with the greater number of gas molecules, as this will increase the pressure.
• In our equation, the position of equilibrium will move to the left.

Increasing the pressure of one of the gases in the system is the same as increasing its
concentration.
Temperature and equilibrium

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Temperature and equilibrium

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Temperature & Equilibrium
The effect of changing the temperature on equilibrium depends on the enthalpy sign.
For the equilibrium shown;
• The forward reaction is exothermic (gives out heat) – ΔH value of −92
• The reverse reaction is endothermic (takes in heat) – ΔH value of +92

Increasing the temperature of the system causes the position of equilibrium to move in
the direction that decreases the temperature:
• The position of equilibrium moves in the endothermic direction (left).
Decreasing the temperature of the system causes the position of equilibrium to move in
such a way as to increase the temperature:
• The position of equilibrium moves in the exothermic direction (Right).
Catalysts and equilibrium
A catalyst is a substance
that speeds up the rate without
catalyst

energy
of reaction by providing
an alternative reaction
pathway of lower energy. with catalyst

When added to a reversible time


reaction, a catalyst increases
the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally.
This has two results:
 there is no change to the position of the equilibrium
 equilibrium is reached faster.

The use of catalysts is particularly important in industry.

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Catalysts & Equilibrium
A catalyst does not alter the position of
equilibrium or the composition of an
equilibrium system:

• A catalyst speeds up the rate of the


forward and reverse reactions equally.
• A catalyst increases the rate at which
equilibrium is established but does not
affect the position of the equilibrium.
Le Chatelier’s principle: summary

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Equilibrium in Industry
• Read through the information sheet on the
Haber process

• Make notes on the Haber process, ensure


you explain the theoretical optimum
conditions, why these cannot be achieved
and the actual conditions that are used
• Answer the questions on the sheet
Review Questions

Answer
the
summary
questions
Green Pen Corrections
Green Pen Corrections
17/09/23
10.4 Dynamic Equilibrium
Back to the Objectives…
Lesson Objectives:
Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding
of:
• Explanation that a dynamic equilibrium exists in a closed system when the rate of
the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction and the
concentrations of reactants and products do not change
• Le Chatelier’s principle and its application for homogeneous equilibria to deduce
qualitatively the effect of a change in temperature, pressure or concentration on the
position of equilibrium
• Explanation that a catalyst increases the rate of both forward and reverse reactions
in an equilibrium by the same amount resulting in an unchanged position of
equilibrium
• The techniques and procedures used to investigate changes to the position of
equilibrium for changes in concentration and temperature.
• Explanation of the importance to the chemical industry of a compromise between
chemical equilibrium and reaction rate in deciding the operational conditions

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