LI2BE - 1 - Summary

If you make minimal pairs for the English language,
you can produce a set of 44 different phonemes
Minimal pairs formed by exchanging vowels

Transcribe these six words in blue.
An English curse /kɜːs/ – an English course /kɔːs/
tomb /tuːm/ raider /ˈreɪdə/ (Tomb Raider)
Tom /tɒm/ rider /ˈraɪdə/ Tom Rider
Revision: English vowels
There are ___20___ English vowel phonemes.
They are divided into short and long vowels
together called ____monophthongs________.
Vowel sounds with two parts are called
___diphthongs____________.
Those with three parts are called
__triphthongs__________.
Practise saying and writing the vowel sounds.
Vowels: revision
From memory!
Write down the short vowels
Write down the long vowels
Write down the diphthongs
Write down the triphthongs
Mnemonics
: https://drive.google.com/file/d/17A7xbeLR9
dsJZHFV_TNSOEx_5259eLa7/view
TABLE OF CONSONANT SOUNDS
FOLLOWED BY SHORT VOWELS
Practise using the vowel chart
/e/ /æ/ /ʌ/
pet pat putt

bet bat but
ten tan tongue
dead dad duck
Celt cap cup
get gap gun
FOLLOWED BY LONG VOWELS
/iː/ /ɑː/ /uː/ /ɔː/ /ɜː/
/p/ P/pea/ Pa; park; poo/ paw; pearl;
pee; palm pooh; pork; perk;
people pass; pool Paul purr
peace/ past; pawn/ purse
piece path porn
/b/ B/be/ bark/ boo! ball; burn;
bee; barque boom boar/bor bird;
beak balm; boon; e bored; birth
bean/ barn; boost bought burglar;
been bath burst
FOLLOWED BY LONG VOWELS
Continued….
/iː/ /ɑː/ /uː/ /ɔː/ /ɜː/
/t/ T/tea/ tar; tart; tool; taut/ term;
tee; task tomb taught terse;
teach tooth tore; Turk
teen; torn; turn
teeth torso
/d/ D; deal; dance; doodle; door; dirge;
dean dark; doom dawn dirk;
deed, darn dude daughter dirt
deep dart dearth
FOLLOWED BY DIPHTHONGS
/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ /Əʊ/ /ɪƏ/ /eƏ/ /ʊƏ/
/p/ Pay Pie Point pound (E.A). peer/ pear/ pour
pale pile poise powder Poe pier pair
pain pine poke pierce parent
paste pope
post
/b/ bay, buy/ boy bow/ bow, beer/ bear/ boor
babe by/ boil bough boat bier bare
bake buy bound bone
base bike
FOLLOWED BY DIPHTHONGS
Continued…
/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ /Əʊ/ /ɪƏ/ /eƏ/ /ʊƏ/
/t/ tail/ tie/ toy, town, tow/ tear tear/ tour

tale Thai toil tout toe /tier tare
tame tight toad
taste tile toast
/d/ day die/ doiley Dow doe/ dear dare dour

dame dye down dough /
Dane doubt don’t deer
daze dose
The Five Triphthongs
/eɪƏ/ /aɪƏ/ ɔɪƏ/ /aʊƏ/ /ƏʊƏ/
layer diary loyal flour/ grower
player drier/dryer royal flower mower
sprayer fire soya hour/our lower
hire/ Goya power slower
higher shower thrower
mire tower
shire towel
spire allowance
tire
Revision: Consonant sounds
There are a total of _24____ consonant

phonemes in English
They can be described by
V: _Voicing___________
P: __Place___________ of articulation
M:___Manner___________ of articulation
Mnemonics (symbols and sounds

): https://drive.google.com/file/d/17A7xbeLR9dsJ
COMMENTS ON CONSONANT PHONEMES
The two problems faced in identifying consonant phonemes concern
a) spelling
For example: rough, bough, through, though, thorough, cough,
bought
How do you pronounce these words?
rʌf/ /baʊ/ /θruː/ /ðəʊ/ /ˈθʌrə/ /kɒf/ /bɔːt/
b) phonology of L1 (L1 = your mother tongue)
For example: Czech kat and English cat, cut, cart
German Handy and English handy

French tu English two
COMMENTS ON CONSONANT
PHONEMES
Continued…
Look at the document on Moodle:
Comments on Consonant Phonemes (File)
1. /p/ - Only p, unless it is silent

Example: psychology, cupboard
Never ph. Never b;
rib is /rIb/
2. /b/ - Only b, unless it is silent
Example: thumb, debt, limb
PHONEMES continued…
3. /t/ - Every t, unless it is silent listen, fasten
Progressive assimilation of voice in –ed past simple
tense. After voiceless consonants
/p/, /k/, /f/,/s/,/ʃ/, /ʧ/,/θ/ -ed becomes /t/
Example: final d in the following past forms is /t/:
stopped, cooked, laughed, kissed, wished watched,
bathed. Note: bath /bɑːθ/, means to wash in a bath
- he bathed the baby = /bɑːθt/. Bathe /beIð/
means to swim - he bathed in the sea = /beIðd/
4. /d/ - Every d, unless silent - Windsor,
handsome, sandwich.
Never in simple past –ed after voiceless
consonants (see above) except after /t/
eg wanted, waited – these end in /tId/
5. /k/ - Every k, unless silent: knee, know.
Some c, curse, case; but, c can be /s/
cease, ceiling.
6. /g/ - Every g, unless silent: gnome, gnat,

daughter. Never in final -ng ring /rIŋ/, sing,
bang; but in
-nger finger /fIŋgƏ/, anger, longer,
stronger.
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE:
/v/ and /w/
Contrast /v/ and /w/ - Say these pairs of
words below.
vet -wet vest – west veil – wail/whale
verse –worse via –wire vies - wise
v – we veal – wheel vine- wine
viper – wiper vain – wane veer – weir/we’re
Practice: /θ/ /ð/
/θ/ /ð/
thin the
thing them
think these
thought other
Practice: Voiceless dental fricative: Practice: Voiced dental fricative:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/lea http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/lea
rningenglish/grammar/pron/sounds/co rningenglish/grammar/pron/sounds/co
n_voiceless_6.shtml n_voiced_6.shtml
SUMMARY:
Segmental phonology = the 44 phonemes
You need to know:
what those sounds are /æ/
how they are categorised short vowel
how to transcribe each one /æ/ not /ɑe/
how they are often spelled, (give examples) cat, bad
what difficulties Czech speakers of English have with
the phonemes L1 has no /æ/ → /e/
Mnemonics
: https://drive.google.com/file/d/17A7xbeLR9dsJZHFV_TNSO
Ex_5259eLa7/view

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If you make minimal pairs for the English language,

you can produce a set of 44 different phonemes

Minimal pairs formed by exchanging vowels

pet pat putt

/t/ tail/ tie/ toy, town, tow/ tear tear/ tour

/d/ day die/ doiley Dow doe/ dear dare dour

There are a total of _24____ consonant

Mnemonics (symbols and sounds

German Handy and English handy

1. /p/ - Only p, unless it is silent

6. /g/ - Every g, unless silent: gnome, gnat,

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