OPENING PRAYER

Leader: When we live in unity,

Response: How good and how pleasant it is.
Leader: Pray for us Holy Father Augustine,
Response: That we may dwell together in peace.
Leader: Let us pray.
All: God our Father Your Son promised to be present in the
midst of all who come together in His Name. Help us recognize
His presence among us and experience in our hearts the
abundance of Your grace, Your mercy and Your peace, in truth
and in love. We ask these through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Leader: Our Lady of Grace
All: Pray for us.
Unit 1 Chapter 2

Understanding Culture
and Society
At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Define society and discuss its essential characteristics and

elements
2. Describe the growth and development of different societies
3. Define culture and discuss its various aspects and components
4. Discuss socialization and enculturation and how they contribute
to the development of society:
5. 5discuss anthropology, its essential features and main concerns,
and how it contributes
6. Discuss sociology, its essential features and main concerns, and
how it contribute in understanding culture and society;
7. discuss political science, its essential features and main concerns,
and how it contributes in understanding culture and society.
8. Discuss ethnocentrism and xenocentrism; and
9. Discuss cultural relativism, multiculturalism, and cultural
sensitivity.
Review
MOTIVATION
 Why do you think culture is important?
 How do young people in your culture
behave differently from older people?
 What is the best/most important thing
your culture has given to the world?
 Have you ever experienced culture
shock?
 What do you think is interesting about
your culture?
Society is a group of individuals
sharing common culture,
geographical location, and
government.
A society is characterized by the presence of the
following elements:

a) Social solidarity, whereby members of the

community live together for mutual benefit
b)shared identity and culture among members that
serve as basis for their patterns of action and behavior
 A common language
 Large population and the ability to sustain
succeeding generations of members
 Definite geographical area
 Political, economic, and social organization
Social Scientists have also identified five (5)
major types of societies according to how
they changed and developed over time
 1.Hunting and Gathering communities
date as far back as several million years
ago and were considered the first
societies
Social Scientists have also identified five (5)
major types of societies according to how
they changed and developed over time
 2.Horticultural and pastoral
societies
-Horticultural societies relied on
the cultivation of plants as their
primary source of food
-Pastoral societies depended on
the domestication of animals
 3. Around 10,000 years ago, the
development and spread of
agriculture led the emergence of
civilizations in Mesopotamia and
China, and this brought about the
establishment of agricultural
societies
 4. Meanwhile the beginning of Industrial Revolution
in England during the latter half of the 18th century
transformed agricultural societies to industrial
societies. Technological advancements resulted in
the invention of machines that improved production.
The rise of centers or urban cities was also a major
development during this period.
5. Since the latter portion
of the 20th century, many
countries have become
post-industrialist
societies, where
knowledge is a
commodity and
technological innovation
is key to long-lasting
growth and development.
CULTURE- Is one of the important bases
that define and influence a society. Culture
refers to set of beliefs and ideas, values,
practices, knowledge, history, and shared
experiences, attitudes, as well as material
objects and possessions accumulated over
time and shared by the members of society.
Two primary categories of culture:
Material Culture- composed of the physical or
tangible objects produced, shared, and utilized within
society such as tools or implements, paintings and
other works of art, architectural styles, weaponry, and
toys.

Nonmaterial Culture- consists of the intangible

properties and elements society that influence the
patterns of action and behavior of its members.
Example: Folktales
(kwentong bayan), history, values
 MATERIAL
CULTURE

NONMATERIAL CULTURE
Though individual societies have
varying histories, experiences,
identities, and organizations, all of
them have four vital cultural
components: symbols, language,
values, norms
Symbols- refer to things that convey
meaning or represent an idea
 Language- set of symbols that
enables members of society to
communicate verbally (spoken)
and nonverbally (written
gestures)
Values- shared idea, norms, and
principles that provide members of
society that standards that pertain to
what is right or wrong , good or bad,
desirable or undesirable.
The ten most depicted traits
were the following:
The depicted traits were the
following: pakikisama, hiya, utang na
loob, close family ties, bahala
na,bayanihan, hospitality, ningas
cogon(ayoko na habit), and respect
for elders.
 Norms- shared rules of conduct that determine
specific behavior among society members

There are various categories of norms

according to their social importance:
FOLKWAYS
MORES
LAWS
TABOOS
 Folkways are norms that may be
violated without serious consequences,
known as informal norms are rules of
casual behavior that do not take much
effort to think about.
Examples:
talking to yourself (loudly) in public
Inappropriate Dress
 Mores- norms with moral connotations.
The most specific, clearly stated and
strictly enforced norms that carry
corresponding punishments for those
that break them or fail to follow them.
Examples: using drugs, stealing, rape
When mores are written, they come in the form of laws,
which area set of norms of promulgated, enacted or
codified by members of society.
 Taboos- are the highest form of
mores. These are norms that must be
strictly adhered to or observed, with
no expectations, cannot even imagine
other members would do.
 Examples: cannibalism, incest taboo-
which forbids sexual relations between
close relatives.
 Laws- norms that are legally
enacted and enforced
Socialization- refers to the lifelong process of
forging identity through social interaction

Enculturation- refers to process which an

individual learns or acquires the important
aspects of his or her society’s culture.

Context- refers to particular circumstances of a

certain culture and is defined by location,
weather, time period and other factors.
When we become aware of the whole
context in our own culture, we are able
to understand that some of its aspects
are shared.

China Town in Manila

 Anthropology- considers culture as the
central focus of its discipline. It studies the
different cultures of different societies.
 Anthropologist has adopted two major
views with regard to how cultures should
be considered in comparison to others.
 The relativistic approach considers cultures
as equal. This view holds that there are no
“superior” and “inferior” cultures, and each
is unique in its own way.
 SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ACCORDING TO THE THREE
DISCIPLINES
 Ethnocentric approach
 Ethnocentrism
 Xenocentrism
 SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ACCORDING TO THE THREE
DISCIPLINES
Ethnocentric approach- is the belief
that one’s native culture is superior to
other cultures. Ethnocentric societies
tend to have a negative view of other
countries and people
 SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ACCORDING TO THE THREE
DISCIPLINES

Ethnocentrism- diminishes of
invalidates “other “way of life and
creates a distorted view of one’s own.
The attitude of judging another culture
based on the standards of one’s culture.
 SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ACCORDING TO THE THREE
DISCIPLINES

Xenocentrism- societies that have the

tendency to consider their culture as
inferior.
Ethnocentrism
Xenocentrism
 Classical
Sociological Theories
Conflict Theory- assumes that there is a constant
power struggle among the culture “dominant classes”
and analyze how this culture is imposed on other
classes.
Created by: Karl Marx
“Society is broken up into two groups a controlling
group and an oppressed group”

“Conflict between group is normal and happens

because of scarcity”
Symbolic interactionism- views
individual and group behavior and
social interactions as defining
features of society
Originated by:
Herbert Blumer
“Society is played out through daily
interactions between people
 Political Science- examines culture as a
vital aspect of society. Culture, together
with political socialization, is analyzed in
order to explain political behavior
such as voting patterns and behavior
leaders
Multiculturalism- ideology that acknowledges
and promotes cultural diversity within society.
Cultural Sensitivity- advances awareness and
acceptance of cultural differences but
encourages critical stance in dealing with
issues regarding diversity.
Cultural Relativism- recognizes and
accepts the cultural differences between
societies. WHERE ONE SUSPEND ONE’S
CULTURAL VIEWS ABD BIASES BY SEEING
ANOTHER CULTURE ACCORDING TO THE
STANDARSD OF THAT CULTURE,
“NO ONE HAS THE RIGHT TO JUDGE
ANOTHER SOCIETY’S CUSTOM”
Sociology- relates culture with
the overall the context of social
order
 Structural functionalism- operates on
the assumption that society is a stable
and orderly system, consider culture as a
glue that binds society together, leading
to social order.
Created by: Emile Durkheim
“Society is made of a bunch of moving
parts that move together as one”
Examples of
Ethnocentris
m
Examples of
Xenocentrism
 Task: Different views on Culture Copy and Complete
the graphic organizer by writing the required
information on the spaces provided: define each
term and give at least two examples.

TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLES

XENOCENTRISM

ETHNOCENTRISM

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

MULTICULTURALISM
 Photo Essay: A photo essay is a collection of photos which
tells a story based on how they are selected and presented.
 Take a walk around your community.
 As you explore your community, think of sociological
theory that would capture the community’s conditions.
 Take 3 photos that would illustrate these points then write
down a caption under each photo explaining what the
photo is about and how it relates to your chosen theory.
Provide 4 to 5 points or sentences that would relate your
chosen theory with what is going on in your community.
 Write concluding paragraph which ties all these pictures
and sociological theory together.
 Include rubric in your output.
Photo Essay Rubric

Exemplary Proficient Emerging Developing

4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts

Visual Text Exemplary Proficient Emerging Developing

40 %
(photographs/images) All of the images are appropriate to the topic, Most of the images are appropriate to the Some of the images are appropriate to the Few of the images are appropriate to the
evocative, visually captivating, and show topic, evocative, visually captivating, and topic, evocative, visually captivating, and topic, evocative, visually captivating, and
unique perspectives of the theme. show unique perspectives of the theme. show unique perspectives of the theme. show unique perspectives of the theme.

Typography & Semantics Exemplary Proficient Emerging Developing

20 %
(the meaning, arrangement, and appearance Title and captions compliment the images and Title and captions compliment the images and Title and captions sometimes compliment the Title and captions seldom compliment the
of printed matter) work together harmoniously to reinforce the often work together to reinforce the theme. images but inconsistently work together to images and do not work together to reinforce
theme consistently. reinforce the theme. the theme.

Organization Exemplary Proficient Emerging Developing

20 %
(how the various elements are organized) Presentation includes student name and the Presentation includes student name and the Presentation includes student name and the Presentation includes student name and the
photo story title. Each slide includes an image photo story title. Each slide includes an image photo story title. Each slide includes an image photo story title. Each slide includes an image
and accompanying text. Photos are carefully and accompanying text. Photos create and accompanying text. Photos create and accompanying text. Photos inconsistently
sequenced to build emotion and emotion and communicate thematically. emotion and represent subject matter. create emotion and may veer from subject
communicate thematically. matter.

Overall Impression/Aesthetic Effect Exemplary Proficient Emerging Developing

10 %
(the overall psychological response to the Photo essay evokes strong emotion and Photo essay often evokes emotion and Photo essay occastionally evokes emotion and Photo essay inconsistently evokes emotion
photo essay as a work of artistic rhetoric) evidences creativity. The presentation as a evidences creativity. The presentation as a evidences some creativity. The presentation and evidences little creativity. The
whole is aesthetically harmonious. whole is aesthetically pleasing. as a whole is aesthetically pleasing. presentation as a whole is spits in the face of
aesthetics.

Theme Exemplary Proficient Emerging Developing

10 %
(the universal insight that is communicated by Theme is clear and well-developed Theme is clear and well-developed Theme is clear and well-developed Theme is unclear or not well-developed
the essay) throughout entire photo essay. throughout most of the photo essay. throughout some of the photo essay. throughout the photo essay.
 Closing Prayer
Leader: Our help is in the name of the Lord.
Response: Who made Heaven and Earth.
Leader: Let us pray.
All: God, the desire of every human heart, you
moved Saint Augustine to seek restlessly for
truth and peace. Touch our hearts with his
burning desire for wisdom, for the world made
flesh. We ask this through Christ our Lord.
Amen.
Leader: St. Augustine.
All: Pray for us