AMT-AV502 Cabin Electronic Systems Part-I PPT Final R0

Welcome to
AMT/AV502:
Cabin Electronic Systems
Part-I
PPT.1 AMT/AV502:Cabin Electronic Systems Rev No.0
Course Structure
Part - I
Module 1 Module 2 Module 3
Onboard Local Area Cabin Control Panels & Cabin Communication
Network (OLAN) Display Units Systems
Module 4
In-flight Entertainment
Part - II System

MODULE 1:
Onboard Local Area Network (OLAN)
LEVEL-1
Objectives
At the end of the topic the trainee will be able to:
 Familiar with basic networking devices and protocols.
 Identify major aircraft data buses.
 Identify typical aircraft LAN systems.
 Familiar with aircraft software management principles.

Course Overview-1
• Aircrafts are equipped with data communication networks & buses for
its basic functions.
• It is vital to introduce aviation technicians with basic know-ledge of Comm
networks & aircraft data bus specifications.
• The course presents an overview of Networking, Aircraft Data buses,
cabin control panels and cabin communication systems.
• The trainees to get a basic knowledge of digital data communication as
applied to aircraft comm systems.

Course Overview-1
• During 1970s the application of digital computer to avionics offered
increased computational capability & simplicity.
• Thus, most of the subsystems has now digital interfaces and
therefore study of such interfaces is vital.
• Most data com systems use serial than parallel transmission, since serial
requires less wires.
• Multiplexer is used to convert parallel data to serial while De-
multiplexer is used to convert serial back to parallel.
• In most cases, time sharing is used to use the transmission line together.

Course Overview-2
• The rapid increase in the function, size & complexity of avionics systems
led to the development of numerous non-standard interfaces.
• Standardization is thus needed to enhance compatibility.
• Some of the standards were developed to meet the specific requirements
of civil platforms (e.g., ARINC 429 & ARINC 629)
• ARINC, which stands for Aeronautical Radio INCorporated, is an
organization to aid the standardization of aircraft systems.
• E.g., Digital information transfer system(DITS) (ARNIC 429 & 629)

Course Overview-3
• Current Situation
• New applications required state-of-the art performance.
• There is increased network bandwidth requirement resulted from the
increasing functional & physical integration.
• There is also a move to transport data streams such as digitized video
or communications between signal processors on the same network.
• This led to the development of a number of successor data bus with
better performance.

Lesson 1:
Fundamentals of Networking

Introduction
• Data communications refers to the:
• transmission of the digital data b/n two or more computers
• Some aircraft are fitted with intranet-type data comm systems that
provides:
• data comm services b/n pilots and air traffic controllers.
• full access to the Internet and email via satellite.
• a digital link b/n ground automation & flight deck avionics for
• safety-of-flight ATC clearances, instructions, traffic flow management, flight
crew requests and reports.

Introduction -2
• Data Comm is critical to the success of NextGen operational improvements
by:
• providing communication infrastructure enhancements and
• Reduce delays and provide more efficient routes for aircraft;
• Improve controller and pilot efficiency leading to increased system throughput;
• Enhance safety by reducing operational errors associated with voice
communication;
• Reduce the impact of ground delays due to congestion & adverse weather;
• Reduce environmental impact due to less fuel burn & emissions &
• Enable NextGen services (e.g., enhanced re-routes, trajectory
operations)

Introduction -3
• Data com is transmission of binary information in short or long distances.
• It can be over analog network or digital (data) network.
• It works based on standardized & layered protocols.
• Protocols are set of rules that governs data communications.
• communication software enables us to communicate with other systems.
• This software instructs computer systems and devices as to how exactly data
is transferred from one place to another place.
• The procedure of data transformation in the form of software is
commonly known as protocol.

Introduction -4
• The software or protocols perform the following functions for efficient
and error-free data transmission:
• Data sequencing: long message is broken into smaller packets of fixed
size for error free data transmission.
• Data Routing: finds the most efficient route b/n source and destination
before sending the data.
• Flow control: regulates the process of sending data between fast sender
and slow receiver.
• Error Control: is Error detecting and recovering. It ensures that data is
transmitted without any error.

Networking Standards and Types
• Data communication involved the following like:
• communication networks,
• different communication services required,
• the kind of networks available,
• protocol architectures,
• OSI models, TCP/IP protocol models etc.
• The data comm main purpose is:
• to provide the communication rules and regulations called Protocols and
Standards

Networking Standards and Types-2
General Block diagram of Data communication

• Protocol
Data Communication Components

• Two Data comm Standards:
• OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference model
• Defines 7 layers of functional communication protocols.
• Developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) for the
connection of open systems.
• TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Model
• Defines 5 Layers, Specified & extensively used before OSI.
• Developed by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA)

Networking Standards and Types
• The two models:
TCP/IP Model OSI Model

• The function of OSI Model Layers are:
1. Physical Layer: Physical interface between devices…
2. Data Link Layer: activating, & deactivating links, logical address mapping, error free
framing of data…
3. Network Layer: Routing functions across multiple networks, logical-to-physical
address mapping, frame fragmentation etc.
4. Transport Layer: Reliable delivery of data & Ordering of delivery between end users,
message segmentation and assembly.
5. Session Layer: Control of dialogues between applications, starts and terminates
sessions/dialogues
6. Presentation/syntax : Data format, coding, compression & Encryption, translator for
the network.
7. Application Layer: Support user applications e.g. http, SMTP, FTAM
Network Protocol – TCP/IP model
• TCP/IP ensure transfer of data from one device to another
• It divides its data into packets and combines them at the other end using
4/5 layers.
• Difference: IP finds the destination of the data and TCP has the work to
send and receive the data.

Network Protocol – TCP/IP model

Network Protocol – TCP/IP Protocols

Network Protocol- MAC Addressing & Ethernet
• MAC is hardware/physical address at Data-Link layer
• is unique 48-bit hardware number of a computer embedded into a network
card (NIC)
• 12-digit hexadecimal number
• E.g. 01-80-C2-F6-D2-3F
• Check by: ipconfig/all

Network Protocol- MAC Addressing & Ethernet

Network Types
• Based on their size & coverage data comm network types are:
• LAN - Local Area Network
• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area
networks,
• while the others have emerged with technology advances.

Network Types-2
A. Local Area Network-cover a relatively short distance
Local Area Network (LAN)

Network Types-3
B. Wireless Local Area Network- for wireless local area network
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Network Types-4
C. Wide Area Network- spans more than one geographical locations
Wide Area Network (WAN)

Network Types
D. Metropolitan Area Network- is a network of a city or school campus
(also called campus network)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Network Topology-1
• Network Topology-Refers to the way in which devices are
interconnected.
• When we select topology for networking the attention points are the
following:
• Application software and protocols
• Types of data communicating devices
• Geographic scope of the network
• Cost
• Reliability

Network Topology-2
• Depending on the requirement, there are different Topologies to construct
a network:
1. Mesh topology ( for Peer-to-peer Transmission)
2. Star topology (for client-server)
3. Tree (Hierarchical) topology (for client-server)
4. Bus topology (for either of them)
5. Ring topology ( for Peer-to-peer Transmission)
6. Cellular topology

Network Topology-3
• Mesh Topology - n(n - 1) / 2 connections

Network Topology-4
• Star Topology - require a central point of connection (HUB)

Network Topology-5
• Tree Topology – is a Hierarchical network

Network Topology-6
• Bus Topology – connects nodes along a single or more cable to connect
linearly on a bus network.

Network Topology-7
• Ring Topology – connects nodes in ring token.

Network Topology-8
• Cellular Topology – used to connect the wireless media.

Network Devices
• Common Types of Network Devices are:
• Hubs
• Repeaters
• Switches
• Bridges
• Routers
• Etc.

Network Devices - Hubs and Repeaters
• Repeater –
• operates at the physical layer (Layer-1) of OSI model.
• Its job is to regenerate & amplify the signal over the same network
before the signal becomes too weak.
• It is a 2-port device.

Network Devices - Hubs and Repeaters
• Hub –
• is a basically multi-port repeater, not an intelligent device
• connects multiple wires coming from different branches,
• operate at the Physical layer of the OSI model

Network Devices - Switch and Bridge
• Bridge –
• is used to connect many LAN networks together with the same protocol
• divides large network into small segments (collision domains)
• operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model

Network Devices - Switch and Bridge
• Switch –
• has multiple ports, used to connect computer devices and create a network
• actually learn the physical addresses (MAC) of the devices that are
connected to it
• works on layer 2 (data-link layer)
of the OSI model
• an intelligent devices, stores
port number & MAC address of
all devices to identify them.

Network Devices - Router, Client and Server
• Router–
• An internetworking intelligent device that connects multiples LAN
networks together & directs traffic b/n them.
• receives IP packets from one computer network, analyse it and forwards
it to another computer network.
• Without routers, the internet as we know it would not exist.
• It determines, which is the best route to forward packets from one
network to another.
• It stores destination IP addresses in its routing table.
• works on the network layer (Layer-3) of the OSI model
• Router– cont…
• It comes in 2, 4, 8, 16 or 24 ports.

Network Devices - Router vs Switch

• Client– a simple program or a whole computer that requests
services from the server
• Server- a powerful computer machine, which provides some
services to its clients

Progress Test
1. Why is data comm needed in aircraft?
2. List the five basic blocks of a simplified data comm system.
3. List the 7 layer of OSI and five layers of TCP/IP models.
4. To which category is an aircraft data com networks grouped?

Lesson 2:
Aircraft Data Buses

Transmission Modes
• The transmission is characterized by:
• the direction of the exchanges
• the transmission mode: the number of bits sent simultaneously
• synchronization between the transmitter and receiver
• There are three types of Transmission modes:
1. Simplex (data flows in only one direction)
2. Half Duplex (data flows in one direction or the other alternatively)
3. Full Duplex (data flow in both directions simultaneously)

Transmission Modes-2
• The transmission modes operate as follows:

Data Transmission Methods
• Two transmission Methods
• Serial Transmission ( for long distance)
• Parallel Transmission ( for short distance)

Data Transmission Methods
•Serial Transmission -bits are sent sequentially on the same channel
(wire)

Data Transmission Methods-2
•Serial Transmission -is further classified as:
• Synchronous ( frames sent continuously with/without data) &
• Asynchronous (frames are sent independently with start/stop flags and
no data link synchronization) .

•Parallel Transmission –multiple bits (8) are sent simultaneously on
different channels.
• It is faster and is considered as synchronous, but costly.

•Comparison Chart
Basis for
Serial transmission Parallel transmission
comparison
Meaning Data flows in bi-direction, Multiple lines are used to send data i.e. 8
bit by bit bits or 1 byte at a time
Cost Economical Expensive
Bits transferred at 1 bit 8 bits or 1 byte
1 clock pulse
Speed Slow Fast
Applications Used for long distance Short distance, E.g., computer to printer
communication. E.g.,
Computer to computer
Data Buse Cables/Transmission Media
• Broadly categorized as Guided & Un-guided media.

Data Buse Cables/Transmission Media-2
• In general, the following are the major communication devices, which are
frequently used:
1. Twisted pair (has two forms)
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), and
• Shielded twisted-pair (STP)

Data Buse Cables /Transmission Media-3
• UTP cables are grouped in several categories as:
• CAT 1, CAT 2, CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5 and CAT 5E…
• they are connected to devices through RJ45 Jacks.
• The types of RJ45 cabling are Straight-through Cables & Cross-over
Cables.

Transmission Media
2. Coaxial cable – has higher bandwidth and speed
• Types of cables are:
• 50  : Baseband coaxial cable used in digital transmission
• 75  : Broadband coaxial cable used for analog transmission for TV & Cable
TV.

Data Buse Cables /Transmission Media-4
3. Optical fiber– carries data by means of pulses of light
• There are two types of optical fiber cables:
• Single Mode fibers: High cost, high speed used in long distance
• Multimode fibers: Low cost, lower speed & used in short distances

Fiber Optics-Introduction
• What is the need to study fiber optics?
• The direct reason is that optical fiber links are used in recent aircraft data comm
network.
• Common communication medium was a wire or free space.
• But now, an optical cable is widely used in communication
• Fiber optics is also being used as sensors & detectors.
• Optical transmission system
• uses light to send information/data
• is an ideal medium in high-capacity common networks
• with low losses, low interference & high bandwidth.
Fiber Optics-Introduction -2
• Optical fibers
• are ideal for aircraft high-capacity data common networks
• due to lightweight, compact size & exceptionally wide bandwidth.
• relatively new in the civil aircraft industry and
• brings new set of problems and challenges for those involved with
aircraft operation and maintenance.

Optical Fiber
• Optical fiber:
• flexible, transparent fiber made by glass (silica) or plastic.
• diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
• operate based on the total internal reflection.

Optical Fiber
• Types of Optical fiber: Two types based on operating modes.
• Single-mode fiber
• Multimode fiber

Optical Fiber-2
• Construction -Optical fiber consists of :
• pure glass the core & cladding.
• a protective coating surrounds the cladding.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics
• Advantages:
• Huge bandwidth of 250Gbps, Ethernet cable =1Gbps
• Immunity to electrical noise and low values of crosstalk and attenuation
• Reduced size/volume and light weight cables
• Resistance to corrosion and temperature variations.
• Electrical isolation and freedom from earth/ ground loops.
• Disadvantages:
• Concerns about mechanical strength and maintenance difficulty.
• Expensive and difficult installation.
Fiber Optics Communication
• Fiber optical communication :
• uses pulses of light to send information through an optical fiber
• Fiber optic data links perform three basic functions:

• Conversion of the input electrical to optical signal
• Transmission of the optical signal through the fiber
• Conversion of the optical signal to output electrical signal

Fiber Optics Communication-2
• Fiber Optics Communication components
• Optical Source + Interface & Modulator circuit
• Optical Fiber cables + coupler, connectors, splices, & others
• Optical Detector + Amplifier & Demodulator

Fiber Optics Communication-3
• Fiber Optic Communication Working Principles

Major Optical Components
• Optical communication has three basic blocks:
• Optical transmitter: converts electrical signal to optical signal ,
• Optical fiber: transports optical signal from transmitter to receiver
• Optical receiver: converts optical signal back to electrical signal

Aircraft Optical Components and Networks
• Practical optical networks – B787 fiber optic network
• 110 fiber links
• >1.7km fiber cable

Description & Operation of Data Buses
• Data bus:
• a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of
a computer to another.
• When used in reference to personal computers, the term bus usually
refers to internal bus.
• When used in reference to aircraft, it is the data highway, which links
one computer to another within the aircraft e.g. FMC and ADC.
• All buses consist of two parts - an address bus and a data bus.
• On an aircraft bus, the two parts are incorporated within a single
data 'word'.
Introduction to Data Bus
• Data bus:
• can be either serial (requires less wiring, but is slower) or parallel (requires
more wires, but is much faster)
all practical aircraft bus systems are based on serial due to conductor
•
length and weight constraints
• can enable communication b/n different sources to sinks.
• can transmit in simplex, half duplex or full-duplex.
• has size or width 16- bit bus, 32-bit bus
• has a clock speed measured in MHz
• uses a type of language called Protocol,
• can be either bidirectional (two-way) or unidirectional (one-way)
Introduction to Data Bus-2
• Data buses consist of wire, information Packing equipment and algorithms and
formats of data transition.
• are inside LRU, between LRU; transmit data from sensors to system and
between systems.

Purpose of Data Buses
• The important factors of avionics buses include;
• Deterministic behavior,
• Fault tolerance, and
• Redundancy.
• The advantages of aircraft data buses are:
• Weight and size saving (less wiring and boxes)
• Cost reduction.
• It minimizes the size and weight of aircraft cabling.

Aircraft Data Bus Standards
• Aeronautical Radio INC. produces many of the commercial avionics
standards, termed ARINC #.
• Common types of digital data transmission in data buses are:
• Single Source–Single Sink (single computer to a single LRU only, developed in
1970s for use on Tornado & Sea Harrier avionics systems)
• Single Source–Multiple Sink (a single computer to multiple LRUs e.g., ARINC
429 )
• Multiple Source–Multiple Sink (multiple computers to multiple LRUs, widely
employed by military users (MIL-STD-1553B) and by the B777 (ARINC 629))

• A Timeline of Avionics Architectures

• The most commonly used data buses
for large-scale aircraft systems
integration are:
• ARINC 429
• ARINC 629
• ARINC 664/AFDX
• MIL-STD-1553B

ARINC 429 Data Bus Standard
• ARNIC 429:
• is a specification, which defines how avionics equipment & systems
should communicate with each other.
• Sets specifications for the transfer of digital data b/n aircraft electronics
system components.
• employs unidirectional transmission of 32-bit words over two wire
shielded twisted pairs using bipolar RZ format.
• It is one way (simplex) link b/n a single transmitter & multiple receivers.
• is one of the most widely used avionic data interface standard in
commercial aircraft.
ARINC 429 Data Bus Standard-2
• Its characteristics were agreed among the airlines in 1977/78 and
• the data bus first used on the B757/B767 and Airbus A300&A310 aircraft.
• has been installed on most commercial transport aircraft including;
• Airbus A310/A320 and A330/A340; Boeing 727, 737, 747, 757, 767,
MD-11 and Bell Helicopters.
• Boeing is installing a newer system specified as ARINC 629 on the
B777.
• There is, however, a significant cost in terms of wire
weight in using ARINC 429.

• The ARINC 429 Key Attributes are:
• ARNIC 429 MARK 33 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS)
specification
• Transmission: Simplex broadcast bus
• Bit rates: Two ranges of transmission speed
are defined High speed 100kbps & Low speed 12 to 14.5 kbps
• Message Length: 32-bit word, 255-word data block transfer mode with 4-bit
times of NULL (0V) as a gap b/n consecutive words.
• Classes of Service: periodic, sporadic & file transfer
• Media Access: Simplex single source multiple sink plus full
duplex RTS/CTS handshake
• Physical Media: 78-ohm unbalanced STP copper cable. Sources can
carry a maximum of 20 sinks per bus.
• Number of nodes: Maximum 20 sinks; 1 source
• Topology: Single source multiple sink either star or bus.

• Word Format
• ARINC 429 organizes data in 32-bit words, consisting of five parts:
• Label, Source/Destination Identifier (SDI), Data field, Sign/Status Matrix
(SSM), Parity bit.
• Word timing
• Each ARINC 429 word has a predefined rate at which it must be transmitted.
• The minimum inter word gap is four-bit times NULL value.
• Messages are repeated at specified intervals with typical applications sending
groups or frames of messages.
• Label
• Represent the type of information contained within the word.
• In data block or file transfer label is replaced with System Address
Label (SAL)
• Each data item is assigned a label code listed in ARINC 429 specification & each
source may have up to 255 labels, assigned for its use.

• Label …
• Partial List of Equipment IDs
Eq. ID Equipment Type
001 Flight Control Computer (701)
002 Flight Management Computer (702)
003 Thrust Control Computer (703)
029 ADDCS (729) and EICAS
02A Thrust Management Computer

• SDI functions are:
• Indicate the intended destination of data on a multi-sink bus
• Identify the source of the data on a multi-source bus
• To add an extension to the label

• Data: Data fields contain 19 bits. ARINC 429 allowed the 19 bit for five
applications:
• BNR (two’s complement binary) data
• BCD data
• Discrete bits
• Maintenance data & Acknowledgement
• ISO Alphabet No.5 & its maintenance AIM block transfer protocol

• Parity: is normally set to odd except for certain tests.
• SSM: Bits 31 & 30 contain the Sign/Status Matrix or SSM.
• This field contains hardware equipment condition, operational mode, or
validity of data content.
• Transmission Order: 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 … 32.

• ARNIC 629:
• Was introduced in the mid-1990s & it supports a data rate of 2 Mbps
• Intended as an advancement for ARINC 429
• Implemented on the Boeing 777 & became ARINC standard in 1989.
• Provides less weight, more flexibility & greater speed than ARINC
429.
• Permits up to 120 devices to share a bi-directional serial data bus.
• The data bus can be either twisted pair or fiber optic cable.
• It uses open bus in which any particular unit can transmit/receive on
/from the bus.
• ARINC 629 Key Attributes are:
• ARINC specification 629 Multi-transmitter data bus.
• Serial data bus with distributed media access
• Bit rate: 2Mbps
• Encoding: Manchester II bi-Phase(Manchester)
• Message Length : up to 31-word strings each containing one 16-bit label word
& up to 256, 16-bit data words
• Classes of service: periodic & sporadic
• Media Access: distributed access control by carrier sense Multiple
Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

• ARINC 629 Key Attributes are….
• Topology: bus with stubs
• Media: terminated UTP with current mode, voltage mode or optical stub
coupling.
• Number of nodes: up to 120
• Message Format/Length: up to 31-word strings each containing one 16-bit
label word & up to 256, 16-bit data words & a parity bit.

• ARINC 664/Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX)
• Developed by Airbus & used on A380, A350 and Boeing B787

• ARINC 664/ AFDX Key Attributes are:
• Bit rates: 10Mbps & 100Mbps
• Encoding: 10Mbps Manchester, 100Mbps 4b/5b
• Message length: 64 to 1518bytes (up to 1472 bytes of payload)
• Classes of service: Station to station, Multicast & broadcast
• Media access: Switched Ethernet
• Topology: dual redundant Star network
• Media Access: Copper (with two twisted pair & application specific
screening) also fiber media.
• Number of Nodes: up to 1024 (without bridge)
Overview of Other Data Buses
• The other common aircraft data bus found on modern commercial
aircraft next to ARINC 429 and ARINC 629 are:
A. ARINC 573/ Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
B. MIL-STD-1553B
C. ARINC 419
D. ARINC 561
E. ARINC 575
F. ARINC 615
G. ARINC 708
• ARINC 573/ Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
• originally developed by Boeing for
use on the B777 aircraft.
• Is similar network bus standards based on
copper (CDDI) and shielded twisted
pair (SDDI) as the physical
media

• The FDDI Key Attributes are:
• Fault tolerant dual counter rotating token passing ring bus
• Bit rates: 100Mbps
• Encoding: NRZ-I with 4b/5b format encoding
• Message length: 4495 bytes excluding preamble, start delimiter & end delimiter,
4478 bytes of information
• Classes of service: periodic and aperiodic
• Media access: token passing
• Topology: dual counter rotating ring
• Media Access: single mode or multi-mode optical fiber.
• Number of Nodes: up to 500
Overview of Other Data Buses-2
• MIL-STD-1553B
• is a bidirectional centrally controlled data bus designed for use in military
aircraft.
• uses a bus controller (BC)
• can support up to 31 device
called remote terminals (RT).
• RTs can interface up to
max of 30 subsystems
• Immune to EMI/HIRFs

• The MIL-STD-1553B system consists of:
• redundant MIL-STD-1553B buses
• a Bus Controller
• a Backup Bus Controller
• a Bus Monitor
• a standalone Remote
Terminal with one or
more subsystems communicating
with it
• a subsystem with an
embedded RT
• MIL-STD-1553B
• Data is transmitted at 1 MHz
• using a self-clocked
Manchester bi-phase
digital format.
• Data is formatted as:
• data words,
• command words or
• status words
• Data words encompass
a 6-bit digital word
Lesson Summary
• ARNIC 429 is one of the most widely used avionic data interface standard.
• ARINC 429 employs unidirectional transmission of 32-bit words over two wire
twisted pairs using bipolar RZ format.
• ARNIC 629 is Intended as an advancement for ARINC 429 & it provides less
weight, more flexibility & greater speed than ARINC 429.
• Other successor commercial aircraft data buses are:
• ARINC 664 /Avionic Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX)
• ARINC 573/Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
• MIL-STD-1553B

Progress Test
1. Which transmission mode allows propagation of data in both direction
simultaneously?
2. Why is serial transmission preferred for most data transmission like in aircrafts?
3. On which commercial transport aircrafts is ARINC 429 used?
4. How many receivers can be connected on a single ARINC 429 data bus?
5. What is the advantages of ARINC 629 compared with ARINC 429?
6. List the two other common aircraft data bus found on general aviation aircraft
next to ARINC 429.
7. List at least three successor of ARINC 429 &ARINC629 aircraft data buses.
8. Which data bus introduces the Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) technology
adopting for aircraft data buses?
Lesson 3:
Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA)/

Common Core System–General Description

General Discription-1
• Avionics System can be classified as:
• Conventional and
• IMA
• Conventional
• use a separate LRU hardware for each avionics function,
• interconnect each LRU using point-to-point data buses such
as ARINC 429 or ARINC 629,


• IMA:
• Concept of IMA
• Several major functions implemented as one:
• Flight management,
• Communications management,
• Aircraft condition monitoring
• Replaces numerous separate processors and LRU with
fewer, more centralized processing units,
• IMA

Typical Applications-1
• Function of Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) is:
• To organize shared resources
• To supply a centralized computing and data communication capability.
• The advantages are:
• Weight saving (less wiring and boxes)
• Cost reduction.
• IMA is composed of:
• Core Processing Input/ Output Modules (CPIOMs) that are directly
connected to the avionics networks.
• Independent applications are hosted in shared IMA modules, called
Core Processing Input/Output Modules (CPIOMs).
• Seven CPIOMs doing different types of functions.
• Airbus has developed “open IMA” - computing resources on which
they can have different functions hosted.
• Three functional domains of the Airbus IMA model are:
• Cockpit (electrical flight control,
• Communications and warning);
• Cabin (air conditioning and pneumatics); and utilities (including energy, fuel
functions and landing gear functions).
Typical Applications-A380

• Manufacturer’s Approaches
• Boeing 787 and Airbus A380 approaches to IMA is
differ.
• Both aircraft have applications for specific LRUs that
are on the aircraft and individual computers for certain
systems.
• For example, Airbus central computing system Boeing
calls the Common Core System (CCS)


Common Core System- B787
• Purpose of CCS:
• Shared computing resources
• Networking resources
• Input/Ouput (I/O) resources.
• Benefits of the CCS:
• Fewer faults
• Lower cost
• Lower weight.
Common Core System- B787

Common Core System- ARINC 664 Network Switch
• Cabinet or Remote switches

Lesson Summary
• Two redundant avionics network:
• Conventional/ Traditional avionics:
o Separate LRU hardware for each avionics function, is used and
o Interconnect each one using point-to-point data buses
• IMA
o Replaces the point-to-point cabling with a “virtual backplane”
data communications network.

Lesson 4:
Typical Aircraft LAN

B777 PlaneNet Avionics Local Area Network (AVLAN)
• PlaneNet AVLAN
• Provides point to point 10 Base-T Ethernet network
• Provides connectivity between the various LRUs
• transmit and receive block data b/n units connected to it.
• use standard TCP/UDP/IP Ethernet protocols for data
transfer and for software data loading applications
• supplies a high speed communication path between the
AIMS cabinets and others

B777 PlaneNet (AVLAN) Layout

B777 PlaneNet (AVLAN) Operation

Typical A350 – AFDX LAN

Typical A350 – AFDX LAN

Typical B787- Common Data Network/LAN

Lesson 5:
Cabin Information System

Onboard Information System(ATA46)-Overview
• A350
A350 Cabin Information Network System -General System
• Airline Network Architecture (ALNA)

• Is a modular cabin network system
• Supply cabin IT network with wireless network services
•Fully furnished, ALNA includes following services:
• proxy e-mail services (basic OnAir service)
• wired and wireless real-time Internet access (via external
provider)
• an On-Board Mobile Telephony System providing GSM services
A350 Cabin Information System -General System Layout

A350 CINS System Description- HESU

A350- Internal Wireless System

Internal Wireless Detailed Architecture and Components

A350 Cabin-Crew Operation System

B787 Cabin Core Systems - Cabin Logbook

Lesson 6:
On-Board Maintenance Systems

Introduction-1
• The OMS main functions are:
• Failure reporting
• System testing
• Software uploading/downloading
• Maintenance documentation access
• Data monitoring of A/C systems
• Configuration management

Introduction-2

Introduction-3

Central Maintenance Computers-1

• The CMCS is used for:
• Monitoring the airplane’s systems for faults.
• Processing fault information.
• Supplying maintenance messages.
• Monitoring flight deck effects (FDE).

• Maintenance Panel
SYSTEM: WOW/L/G
CODE 8 4 2 1 DEFINITION
1 F Right Main Gear Prime DnLk Prox Switch Fail
2 F Nose Gear Prime DnLk Prox Switch Fail
3 F F Left Main Gear Prime DnLk Prox Switch Fail
4 F Right Main Gear Sec DnLk Prox Switch Fail
5 F F Nose Gear Sec DnLk Prox Switch Fail
6 F F Left Main Gear Sec DnLk Prox Switch Fail
7 F F F Left Main Gear WOW 1 Prox Switch Fail
8 F Nose Gear WOW 1 Prox Switch Fail
9 F F Right Main Gear WOW 1 Prox Switch Fail
A F F Left Main Gear WOW 2 Prox Switch Fail
B F F F Nose Gear WOW 2 Prox Switch Fail
C F F Right Main Gear WOW 2 Prox Switch Fail
D F F F
E F F F
F F F F End of list for selected system

Data Loading System-1 B737

Data Loading System-2
• Navigation database (NDB) type of information loaded
includes:
• Approaches.
• Country Name.
• Waypoints.
• Airports.
• Runways.
• Marker Beacons.
• Holding Patterns.
Structure Monitoring-1
• Monitoring critical aircraft components.
• Was first applied to monitoring of aircraft engines.
• To prevent engine damage
• Detection of failures before any real damage has
occurred.

Structure Monitoring-2
• Engine was monitored for:
• Engine Speeds.
• Engine Temperatures.
• Engine Pressures.
• Engine Vibration.

Airplane Condition Monitoring System (ACMS)

Lesson Summary
• OMS main functions are:
• Failure reporting
• System testing
• Software uploading/downloading
• Maintenance documentation access
• Data monitoring of A/C systems
• Configuration management

Lesson 7:
Aircraft Software Management

Software Classification
Level Type of failure Failure Description Probability Likelihood of failure
(Per flight HOUR)
A Catastrophic Aircraft loss and/or fatalities Extremely Less than 10-9

failure improbable
B Hazardous/sever Flight crew cannot perform their tasks; Extremely Between 10-7 and
Major failure Serious or fatal injuries to some remote 10-9
occupants
C Major failure Workload impairs flight crew Remote Between 10-5 and
Efficiency; occupant discomfort including injuries 10-7
D Minor failure Workload within flight crew capabilities; Probable Greater than 10-5
Some inconvenience to occupants
E No effect No effect Not applicable

• Application Of Software: Some examples are:
• Primary and secondary flight controls
• Engine controls
• Electrical generation and distribution
• Brakes
• Radio and navigation equipment
• Flight instruments
• Automatic flight control

• Examples of software levels
Level Level aircraft applications
A AHRS(Attitude/Heading Reference System), GPS(Global Positioning System), ILS( Instrument

Landing System), MLS(Main Sea Level), FLS(Field Loadable Software), SATNAV(Satellite
Navigation), VOR(Very High Frequency Omni Range), ADF(Automatic Direction Finder)
B TCAS( Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System), ADSB Transponder( Automatic Dependent
Surveillance – broadcast (ADS–B) Transponder), Flight Display
C DME( Distance Measuring Equipment), VHF Communication
D AHRS Automatic Levelling, CMC/CFDIU(Central Maintenance Computer/Central Flight Display
Interface Unit), Data Loader, Weather Radar
E In-Flight entertainment

Software Restriction
• Post-certificate modification of software
• has to be approved by the responsible design
organization
• All software upgrades and modifications
• are subject to the same approval procedures as are
applied to hardware modifications.

Software Restriction
• Any modifications made to software
• must be identified and controlled in accordance with the software
configuration management plan
• The CAA will require the design and investigation of modifications
• The re-certification effort will need to be related to the software levels

Software Airworthiness Requirements
• DO-178B
• Assure safety of avionics software and acceptable by FAA and EASA.
• DO-178B certification deals with five levels of criticality (A to E).
• Provides guidance in the areas of SW
• development,
• configuration management,
• verification and
• the interface to approval authorities (e.g., FAA, EASA)

• DO-178B
• The FAA and CAAs recognize
• “RTCA’S DO-178B as an acceptable means of compliance to the
FAA regulations for SW aspects of certification.”
• Standard of RTCA Incorporation (in Europe it is ED‐ 12B and standard
of EUROCAE)

Safety-Critical Level C and D Safety-Critical Levels A and B
Anti-missile defense Fly-by-wire controls
Data mining Auto-pilot
Health monitoring Air-traffic Separation Control
Mission planning and implementation Glass-cockpit information Display
Mission simulation and training Radar
Network-centric operation Jet Engine Control
Real-time data recording and analysis IFF( friend or foe)
Self-healing communication network Missile guidance

Telemetry Missile launch
Weapons targeting Missile self-destruct

Software Certification
• Software must be verified by authority for approval in order to control the
quality
• Initial Certification
• Software must be designed from approved company
• Approved by design organization
• Software must comply with authority requirement(BCAR section A)
• Software validation process approved by local authority

Software Certification
• Post-certification Modification
• Modification must be based on rule apply to the application on
hardware
• Modification which software must be approved by the design
organization

MIL-STD- 498
• MIL-STD-498 Software Development and Documentation
• a standard for the software development process in US military.
• establishes uniform requirements for acquiring, developing, modifying, and
documenting software in weapon systems and automated information systems
• includes all activities pertaining to software development
• provide a customer-supplier consensus based standard that will provide a
transition to commercial software standard
• has 22 Data Item Descriptions (DIDs) that lists standards

Software upgrading
• Possible catastrophic of Unapproved Changes
• Failure Condition
• Minor
• Slight reduce safety margin of functional capabilities, slight increase
crew workload and some inconvenience to occupants.
• Major
• Reduce capability of aircraft, significant reduction in safety margins
or functional capabilities increase in crew workload and
discomfort occupants.

Software upgrading
• Possible catastrophic of Unapproved Changes
• Failure Condition
• Hazardous
• Reduce capability of aircraft, large reduction of safety margin or functional
capabilities, physical distresser to crew and serious injury to some of
occupant
• Catastrophic
• Failure condition prevent continue safe flight and landing

Software upgrading
• Field Loadable Software(FLS)
• Executable code that can be loaded into a computer system
whilst the system is in place within the aircraft.
• FLS can be loaded onto an aircraft system by a
maintenance technician

Software upgrading
• There are three main types of FLS:
• Loadable Software Aircraft Parts (LSAP)
• User modifiable software (UMS)
• Option selectable software (OSS)

Software upgrading
• Loadable Software Aircraft Parts (LSAP)
• Software that is required to meet a specific airworthiness
• Typical examples of target hardware for LSAP (FLS)
include:
• Electronic Engine Controls (EEC)
• Digital Flight Data Acquisition Units (DFDAU)
• Auxiliary Power Unit’s Electronic Control Units (ECU)
• Flight Guidance Computers (FGC)

Software Upgrading
• User modifiable software (UMS)
• upgraded by the aircraft operator, design organisation,
or equipment manufacturer, without further review by
the licensing authority
• Typical examples of target hardware for UMS include:
• Aircraft Condition Monitoring Systems (ACMS)
• In-Flight Entertainment Systems (IFE)

Software Upgrading
• Option selectable software (OSS)
• contains approved and validated components that may be activated
or modified by the aircraft operator within boundaries defined by the
TC or STC holder.
• Typical examples of target hardware for OSS can be found in
Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) units.

Software upgrading
• Database Field Loadable Data
• data that is field loadable into target hardware databases
• database itself is an embedded item that resides within the target
hardware
• loading a database is merely one of writing new data or over-writing
old data from a supplied data file.

Software upgrading
• Database Field Loadable Data
• Typical examples that can be field loaded with
DFLD include:
• Flight Management Computers (FMC)
• Terrain Awareness Warning System (TAWS)
Computers
• Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) units.

Distribution Method
• FLS and DFLD can be distributed by
• Media distribution
• Electronic transfer
• Electronic distribution

Distribution Method
• Operators should maintain a register which provides the
following information:
• The current version of the FLS and DFLD installed
• Which aircraft the FLS and DFLD are installed on
• The aircraft, systems and equipment that they are applicable to
• The functions that the recorded FLS or DFLD performs

Distribution Method
• Operators should maintain a register which provides the
following information:
• Where and in what format it is stored,
• The name of the person who is responsible for it, and
• The names of those who may have access to it
• Who can decide whether an upgrade is needed and then authorize
that upgrade
• A record of all replicated FLS/DFLD, traceable to the original
source.

Distribution Method
• When transferring field loadable software or a database, it is essential to
ensure that:
• The FLS or DFLD has come from an appropriate source
• Effective configuration control processes are in place to ensure that only the correct
data and/or executable code will be supplied
• The FLS or DFLD is accompanied by suitable release documentation and records are
kept.
• Suitable controls are in place to prevent use of FLS and DFLD that have become
corrupted.
• Effective data validation and verification procedures are in place
• The FLS and DFLD as well as the mechanisms for transferring them are checked for
unauthorized modification
Data Verification
• Check data files and executable code in order to detect errors.
• Checksums and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are data verification
method.
• Checksum method
• Checksums involve adding the values of consecutive bytes or words
in the file and store the result.
• Later time the checksum can be recalculated and compared with the
stored result.
• If any difference is detected the file should not be used.

Data Verification
• Cyclic redundancy method
• Involve dividing consecutive blocks of binary data in the file by a
specified number.
• The remainder of the division is then appended to the file as a series of
check digits.
• If there is no remainder when the file is later checked by dividing by
the same number, the file can be assumed to be free from errors.

Lesson Summary
• There are five levels of software: Level A- E
• Level A has highest criticality (catastrophic consequences)
• Level E has lowest level of criticality(no significant impact on
operation of the aircraft)
• Description and probability of failure for each software level
• Application of software in aircraft with their level

Lesson Summary-2
• Avionics software need initial certification
• Post-certification modification of software need approval
• DO-178B/ED-12B assures safety of avionics software
• DO-178B/ED-12B is acceptable by FAA and EASA
• According to DO-178B majority of aircraft related systems are
under safety critical level A and B.
• Minor, major, hazards and catastrophic are possible failure
conditions.

Lesson Summary-3
• There are three field loadable software
• There are three data distribution system
• Technician should follow procedure to transferring field
loadable software or data base.

Progress Test
1. Post-certification modification of software need not be
approved by design organization.(T/F)
2. Which document assures safety of avionics software?
3. What are RTCA and EUROCAE?
4. Explain initial certification and post-certification
modification?
5. Write four possible catastrophic of unapproved changes.

MODULE 2:
Cabin Control Panels & Display Units
LEVEL-2
Objectives
 Identify cabin control and display units.
 Remove and install cabin control and display units.

Lesson 1:
General Description and Operation

Typical B787 Cabin Core System
• B787 Cabin Core System (CCS) includes:
• The Cabin Services System (CSS)
• The Passenger Address System (PAS)
• The Passenger Service System (PSS)
• The Cabin Interphone System (CIS).

Cabin Core Systems – General System Description

A350 Cabin Core System Description

Lesson 2:
Typical Cabin Control & Display Units

B787 Cabin Core Systems - Attendant Switch Panel

Cabin Core Systems - Cabin Attendant Panel

Cabin Service System- CAP Controls

Cabin Core Systems - Cabin Service System Controller
• CSSC control data for:
• Cabin service
• PA (Passenger Address)
• Passenger service
• Cabin interphone
• Download Configuration DB
• HM (Health Management)
• Database logic function.
Typical A350 Cabin Core System

Typical A350 Cabin Core System- Components

Typical A350 Cabin Core System -Component Location

Typical A350 Cabin Core System – Control & Displays

A350 Flight Attendance Panel (FAP)

A350 Flight Attendance Panel (FAP) controls

Removal and Installation
• Removal and Installation of
• Cabin Control panels and
• Cabin display units (CAP or FAP)
should be as Should be as per the respective CORRECT
Maintenance Procedures (MPs).

Inspection and Testing Procedures
• Inspection and Testing Procedures of
• Cabin Control panels and
• Cabin display units
should be as Should be as per the respective CORRECT

MODULE 3:
Cabin Communication Systems
LEVEL-2
Objectives
 Identify cabin communication system & their components.
 Remove and install typical cabin communication system
components including PA speakers, speaker drive modules,
interphone jacks, attendant handsets, overhead electronics
units, Passenger service modules and cabin system control
panels.

Lesson 1:
Passenger Address Systems

PAS- General Description- B787
• Purpose -sends these types of audio to the cabin:
• Flight crew announcements
• Flight attendant announcements
• Recorded announcements
• Video system audio
• Boarding music
• Chime sounds.
• The cabin has a maximum of eight PA areas or zones.
PAS- General Description- B787

PAS- Component Location
• PAS components are in the passenger compartment
• Speakers
• Speaker drive modules(SDM).
• There are speakers in these cabin areas:
• Cabin ceiling
• Lavatory
• Galley
• Entry.
• The speaker drive modules are in the cabin ceiling area.
PA System –Flight Attendant Calls

PA System - Flight Crew

A350 PA system
• PA announcements priority order:
• Cockpit
• Attendant stations
• Pre-recorded Announcement and Music (PRAM)
• IFE system.
• The cockpit and cabin crew use the handset to make
PA announcements.

Removal, Installation and Test
• Removal, Installation and Test of :
a. PA Speakers
b. Speaker Drive Modules (SDM)
Should be as Should be as per the respective CORRECT

Lesson 2:
Service Interphone System & Components

Service interphone communication- A350

Service interphone communication- components
• Components
• Service interphone
jacks
• Service interphone
Isolation units

Service interphone communication- Interfaces

Service Interphone Jacks Locations

Service interphone communication- Operation
• Normal operation
• operates automatically, if landing gear is extended or external power is
available
• Abnormal Operation
• Start manually with the SVCE INT OVRD pushbutton switch on the
overhead panel.

a. Service Interphone Jacks
b. Service Interphone Switch

Lesson 3:
Cabin Interphone System & Components

Cabin Interphone System- Introduction
• Purpose of CIS: gives direct voice communications between
crew members in these areas:
• Flight deck
• Passenger compartment.

CIS General System Description
• The CIS uses dial codes to start a call.
• The CIS lets you make these types of calls:
• Cabin interphone calls between two handsets
• Conference calls among up to four handsets.

CIS Component Location
• The CIS has handsets in these locations:
•Flight deck
• Cabin attendant areas.
• All the handsets are the same.
• They have loaded software
to show call menus.

CIS - Flight Deck

CIS - Passenger Cabin

i. Cabin Attendant Handset and Cradle
ii. Attendant Switch Panel (ASP)

Lesson 4:
Crew Call Systems

Ground Crew Call System- Introduction
• Purpose- ground crew call system gives aural
indications for these conditions:
• Ground crew call to the flight deck – flight deck chime
• Flight deck call to the ground crew – nose wheel well horn
• Earth Reference System (ERS) on battery power – nose
wheel well horn
• Equipment cooling failure – nose wheel well horn
• Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) fire – nose wheel well horn.
Ground Crew Call System- General Description

Ground Crew Call System- Component Location

Ground Crew Call System- Operation

A350 Ground Crew Call System

Lesson 5:
Passenger Service System

Passenger Service System- Purpose
• Purpose- of PSS are:
• Gives the crew automatic and manual control of service
functions
• Lets the passengers call flight attendants for cabin service
• Gives passengers control of reading lights
• Shows data on passenger signs.

PSS General System Description

PSS Component Location

PSS- Passenger Service Module

• Removal, Installation & Test of:
• Overhead Electronics Units (OEU)
• Passenger Service Module(PSM)
• Cabin system control Panel(CSCP)/Attendant Control
Panel(ACP)
Should be carried out as per the respective CORRECT

Any Questions?
Thank You!

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General Block diagram of Data communication

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Data Communication Components

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TCP/IP Model OSI Model

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• Check by: ipconfig/all

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Local Area Network (LAN)

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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