Speed Control of BLDC

Motor
 ABSTRACT
• Recently, the great advantages of the Brushless DC Motors (BLDCM) such as their simple design, high applied output
force (torque), long term usage and speed stability encourage the designers to wide use these motors in various
industries.

• Whilst, BLDC systems are characterized by their uncertainties and non-linearity.

• One of the famous control techniques in handling nonlinear and uncertain systems is the Sliding Mode Control (SMC).

• The main contribution in this paper is applying advanced SMC techniques such as adaptive SMC and fuzzy SMC
approaches for effective speed regulation of BLDCM in the absence and presence of external load.

• The simulation performance of speed regulation for BLDCM using the designed approaches is compared with a
classical Proportional- Integral - Derivative (PID) controller to validate the success.
 INTRODUCTION
• Permanent Magnet Brushless DC motors, known as BLDCM succeeded to gain a great importance in various
traditional and critical industries that require speed stability, high force power and high efficiency.

• Beside their better characteristics in affecting the performance of the whole system, BLDC is characterized
by their simple structure, small size, light weight, high force power & efficiency and low maintenance &
repair

• Speed regulation of BLDC is an important control challenge for any brushless DC motor.

• The stability of the BLDC speed allows the motor to produce a desired high torque.

• Conventional control techniques such as Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and proportional Integral (PI)
are were used widely in the field of BLDC speed control.

• These control techniques are characterized by their simple structure, low cost, fast response, small settling
 LITERATURE SURVEY
SI.NO AUTHOR TITLE YEAR METHODOLOGY

1 O. Solomon and P. Famouri Dynamic performance of a 2006 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC motors, known as BLDCM succeeded to gain a great
permanent magnet brushless importance in various traditional and critical industries that require speed stability,
dc motor for uav electric high force power and high efficiency. Beside their better characteristics in affecting the
propulsion system-part performance of the whole system, BLDC is characterized by their simple structure,
small size, light weight, high force power & efficiency and low maintenance & repair
2 ] J. J. Rath and B. Yesh Effective speed control in 3- 2012 In the last decade, due to their mechanical friction and electric erosion, BLDC started
phase bldc motor by reaching to replace other famous traditional kinds of motors such as Brushed DC motor,
law based sliding mode induction motor, etc.. Moreover, BLDC guarantees high system efficiency and low
technique audible noise by the total elimination of the brush/commutator assembly
3 A. Jaya, E. Purwanto, M. B. Design of pid-fuzzy for speed 2017 On the other hand, advanced and intelligent control strategies such as fuzzy logic
Fauziah, F. D. Murdianto, G. control of brushless dc motor control (FLC), neural network control (NNC), genetic algorithms (GA) and sliding mode
Prabowo, and M. R. Rusli in dynamic electric vehicle to control (SMC) start to play an important role in the speed control of BLDCM
improve steady-state individually or combined together. For instant, FLC approaches were applied for speed
performance control of the BLDCM depending on their ability to deal with ill-defined mathematical
models generating the required control commands. However, the FLC requires more
time than conventional control techniques to solve the complex fuzzification and
defuzzification processes
4 Y. Xiaojuan and L. Jinglin A novel sliding mode control 2010 In NNC was applied to control the speed of BLDCM, however their performance
for bldc motor network control results were affected by the uncertainty and load disturbances.
system
5 A. Sarhan and S. Qin Robust adaptive flight 2017 A combination between one of the intelligent control approaches with a traditional
controller for uav systems control technique is widely used in BLDC motor control. These combinations are
applied on dynamic systems guaranteeing high efficient performance with better
steady state response, small rise and settling time and low overshoot. On one hand,
the conventional control techniques are the main controller on the system, while on
the other hand, the advanced control techniques are used in the online tunning of
gains.
BLDC MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM
 PROPOSED SYTEM
• The working principle of a BLDC motor is same as for a brushed DC motor; i.e. based on internal shaft

position feedback.

• In case of a brushed DC motor, feedback is maintained using a mechanical commutator and brushes.

• With BLDC motor, it is attained using multiple feedback sensors. The most commonly used sensors are hall

sensors and optical encoders.

• Hall sensors work on the hall-effect principle that when a current carrying conductor is exposed to the

magnetic field, charge carriers experience a force based on the voltage developed across the two sides of the

conductor.

• If the direction of the magnetic field is reversed, the voltage developed will reverse as well.

• For Hall-effect sensors used in BLDC motors, whenever rotor magnetic poles (N or S) pass near the hall

sensor, they generate a HIGH or LOW level signal, which can be used to determine the position of the shaft.
PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLDCs vs. Conventional DC motors

• In a conventional (brushed) DC motor, the brushes are responsible for making the mechanical contact with a set of
electrical contacts on the rotor referred to as the commutator . This forms an electric circuit between the DC
electrical source and the armature coil windings. As the armature rotates, the stationary brushes come in contact

• with different sections of the commutator. The rotating commutator and the brush- system form a set of electrical
switches which operate in a sequence to allow electric current to flow through the armature coils closest to the field
which may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet .

• In a BLDC motor, armature coils do not move, and instead, the permanent magnets rotate. Therefore the armature
remains static which avoids the problem of how to transfer current to a moving armature . In a BLDC the
commutator assembly is replaced by an electronic controller which is programmed to perform the coil switching.
A brief review on control of the BLDC motor

• For sensored BLDCs, Hall Effect devices are present in the stator to detect the rotor position. These
sensors face the magnets perpendicularly and can distinguish if the North or South Pole is in front of
it.

• As mentioned earlier, using Hall Sensors in the BLDC can lead to an increase of the overall price of
the motor due to an increase in the wiring. Moreover, there are situations where sensors cannot be
used in an application such as submersible pumps. In such

• applications, the sensorless BLDC control is used. Various control system techniques/ algorithms
such as Direct Back EMF zero crossing, Indirect Back EMF Integration and Field Oriented Control
(FOC) are used to operate the motor.
 BLDC MOTORS

• A brushless DC motor (BLDC) is an AC synchronous electric motor that looks

very similar to a DC motor.

• Sometimes the difference of BLDC motors is explained as being an electronically

controlled commutation system, instead of a mechanical commutation but this is
misleading, because as physically the two motors are completely different.
 Hall Sensors

•Unlike a brushed DC motor, the commutation of a BLDC motor is controlled electronically. To rotate the

BLDC motor, the stator windings should be energized in a sequence.

•It is important to know the rotor position in order to understand which winding will be energized. Rotor

position is sensed using Hall effect sensors embedded into the stator.

• Most BLDC motors have three Hall sensors embedded into the stator on the non-driving end of the

motor. Whenever the rotor magnetic poles pass near the Hall sensors, they give a high or low signal.

• Based on the combination of these three Hall sensor signals, the exact sequence of commutation can be

determined.
Hall Sensors
SPEED CONTROLLER
 PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR

• It’s a good and energy efficient method to control the speed of the motor as varying pulse widths of
the applied voltage to each stator windings during the commutation.

• Here as CT (C2) discharges, the saw tooth oscillator adjusts both latches and control the top and

bottom drive outputs.

• When positive rising voltage of C T becomes higher than the error amplifier output, the PWM

comparator cut off the bottom drive output transmission as resetting the upper latch.

• .Pulse width modulation is performed only at the bottom drive outputs.

Pulse Width Modulator Timing Diagram
 PIC CONTROLLER

• PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology,

derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics
Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller" now it is "PIC" only.

• PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide
availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or
free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory)
capability.
 ADVANTAGES

• Controller reads the motor speed efficiently.

• Based upon the value the speed varies.
• High efficiency
• Long operating life
• Low Noise
• Variable High speed ranges
 CONCLUSION
•In this project, an attempt has been made to the classical controller techniques for speed control of DC motor to

optimize the best result.

•This method is also presenting the current status of tuning of PID controller for speed control of DC motor using

classical controller techniques.

•Conventional dc motors are highly efficient and their characteristics make them suitable for use as servomotors.

•There are two types for controlling brushless dc motors; sensor and sensor less control. Sensored control is

preferred in applications that motor start and stop periodically. This study is focused to sensored control of a

brushless dc motor.

•A BLDCM speed control driver is designed, manufactured, analyzed and tested for a brushless motor.
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