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    Metrology

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    prasadjoshi781429
    Metrology is the science of measurement and establishes international standards for units used in science and technology. It is important because standardized units allow for consistency across fields and applications like ensuring fire hydrants fit hoses. Government labs around the world maintain primary standards like the kilogram and meter. The International System of Units provides definitions for seven base units and many derived units used in research and industry. Advances in metrology improve measurement precision and provide insights into fundamental physics.

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    Metrology

    Uploaded by

    prasadjoshi781429
    46 views20 pages
    Metrology is the science of measurement and establishes international standards for units used in science and technology. It is important because standardized units allow for consistency across fields and applications like ensuring fire hydrants fit hoses. Government labs around the world maintain primary standards like the kilogram and meter. The International System of Units provides definitions for seven base units and many derived units used in research and industry. Advances in metrology improve measurement precision and provide insights into fundamental physics.

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    Metrology is the science of measurement and establishes international standards for units used in science and technology. It is important because standardized units allow for consistency across fields and applications like ensuring fire hydrants fit hoses. Government labs around the world maintain primary standards like the kilogram and meter. The International System of Units provides definitions for seven base units and many derived units used in research and industry. Advances in metrology improve measurement precision and provide insights into fundamental physics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    46 views20 pages

    Metrology

    Uploaded by

    prasadjoshi781429
    Metrology is the science of measurement and establishes international standards for units used in science and technology. It is important because standardized units allow for consistency across fields and applications like ensuring fire hydrants fit hoses. Government labs around the world maintain primary standards like the kilogram and meter. The International System of Units provides definitions for seven base units and many derived units used in research and industry. Advances in metrology improve measurement precision and provide insights into fundamental physics.

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    of 20

    Metrology:

    The fabric of science and technology


    Lafe Spietz
    TMA class of 1990
    What is metrology?
    The science of measurement
    (not weather!)
    Metrology establishes the international
    standards for measurement used by all
    countries in the world in both science and
    industry
    Examples: distance, time, mass,
    temperature, voltage, values of physical and
    chemical constants
    Why is metrology important
    and interesting?
    • Standard units and values of constants
    needed for all science

    Technological standards make all technology


    work better and can save lives: fire hydrant
    standards

    Measurement of constants can give fundamental


    insights into the universe: drift of fine structure
    constant
    Who does metrology?

    Government labs around the world.

    From Article I, section 8 of the U.S


    Constitution:
    “The Congress shall have Power To…
    …fix the Standard of Weights and
    Measures;”
    SI: The International System of
    Units
    Seven base units: Lots of derived units:

    Length: meter (m) Area: m2

    Mass: kilogram (kg) Speed: m/s


    Force: 1 newton = 1 kg·m/s2
    Time: second (s)
    Voltage: 1 volt = 1 m2·kg/s3·A
    Electric current: ampere (A)
    Frequency: 1 hertz = 1/s
    Thermodynamic temperature: kelvin (K) Power: 1 watt = 1 kg·m2/s3

    Amount of substance: mole (mol) Electric Charge: 1 C = 1 A·s

    Luminous intensity: candela (cd)


    Hierarchy of units:
    Kings and queens of units:
    Time, frequency, distance

    Dukes and Earls:


    Current, voltage, resistance

    Peasants:
    Mass, temperature, pressure,
    luminosity
    Clocks: Atomic time
    One part per quadrillion accuracy!!!

    Accurate frequency gives accurate


    distance and time.
    Artifact vs. quantum standards:

    A metal bar: The modern meter:


    1889-1960 The meter is the length of the path
    traveled by light in vacuum during
    a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of
    a second
    The story of mass I:
    the modern kilogram

    The SI
    kilogram
    drifts!

    http://www.bipm.fr
    The story of mass II:
    possible replacements
    Goal: 10 parts per billion accuracy

    Avogadro’s number
    Measurement:
    Roundest object in
    the world! Watt-balance
    Temperature: Kelvin, Celsius, and
    Fahrenheit

    21 C 70 F 294 K Room temperature

    0C 32 F 273.15 K Water freezes

    -196 C -321 F 77 K Air liquefies

    -269 C -452 F 4.2 K Helium liquefies

    -273.15 C -459.67 F 0K Absolute zero


    The kelvin: the SI unit
    The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature,
    is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
    temperature of the triple point of water.

    (0.006 atm)
    ITS-90: the practical realization of
    the kelvin
    PV=NkBT

    Platinum resistance Constant volume gas


    standard thermometer
    Not primary!!!
    PLTS-2000: the low temperature
    definition of the kelvin
    Not primary, and very hard!!

    Helium-3 melting
    pressure thermometer Superconducting
    fixed points
    Electrical noise and temperature:
    The basic idea

    All resistors make electrical noise proportional to


    temperature: hissing of a radio
    Electrical noise and temperature:
    applications of noise thermometry

    By measuring the electrical noise of antennas


    pointed towards space, astronomers can measure
    the background temperature of the universe!
    (images courtesy ofNASA/WMAP Science Team)
    Why noise thermometry is hard:
    Amplifiers add noise, and have
    complex behavior

    Must be calibrated accurately to


    measure temperature accurately
    The Shot Noise Thermometer
    P

    V
    {

    2kBT / e

    Relates temperature to voltage,


    Simplifying amplifier calibration.
    The Shot Noise Thermometer:
    A new practical low temperature thermometer
    Copper Tubing for DC lines Copper Plumbing parts

    SMA Connectors for RF Tunnel Junction

    Built-in Bias Tee


    (on-board SMT
    Components)

    Total cost of package <10$

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