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Chapter 1 Mathematical Modelling and Error Analysis

This document discusses numerical methods and error analysis in mathematical modelling. It introduces numerical methods as techniques to formulate mathematical problems so they can be solved with arithmetic operations. While numerical methods involve tedious calculations, they have become important for engineering problem solving with fast computers. The document then discusses sources of error in numerical techniques, accuracy versus precision, and evaluating mathematical models against measurement data.

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dereje desta
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31 views

Chapter 1 Mathematical Modelling and Error Analysis

This document discusses numerical methods and error analysis in mathematical modelling. It introduces numerical methods as techniques to formulate mathematical problems so they can be solved with arithmetic operations. While numerical methods involve tedious calculations, they have become important for engineering problem solving with fast computers. The document then discusses sources of error in numerical techniques, accuracy versus precision, and evaluating mathematical models against measurement data.

Uploaded by

dereje desta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology


School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Chapter -1
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND ERROR
ANALYSIS

Bililign Amare
INTRODUCTION
Numerical methods are techniques by which
mathematical problems are formulated so that they can
be solved with arithmetic operations.

Although there are many kinds of numerical methods,


they have common characteristics: they invariably
involve large numbers of tedious arithmetic
calculations.
INTRODUCTION
It is little wonder that with the development of fast,
efficient digital computers, the role of numerical
methods in engineering problem solving has increased
dramatically in recent years.

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AI is the theory and development of computer systems able to
perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual
perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation
between languages.

ML is a branch of (AI) and computer


science which focuses on the use of
data and algorithms to imitate the
way that humans learn, gradually
improving its accuracy

DL is part of a broader family of ML


methods based on artificial neural
networks with representation
learning

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco-Pasetti
The reasons why we should study numerical methods are:

Numerical methods are extremely powerful problem


solving tools.
To use commercially available prepackaged, or
“canned”, computer programs that involve
numerical methods.
 Many problems cannot be appreciated using canned
programs.
They are efficient vehicles for learning to use
computers.
They provide a vehicle for you to reinforce your
understanding of mathematics.
Mathematical Modeling
A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses
mathematical language to describe the behavior of a
physical system.
Mathematical models are used in extensively
 Natural sciences and engineering disciplines (such
as physics, biology, mechanical and electrical
engineering)
 In the social sciences (such as economics, sociology
and political science);
 Physicists, engineers, computer scientists, and
economists.
 A mathematical model usually describes a system by
a set of variables and a set of equations that
establish relationships between the variables.
A mathematical model can be represented as a functional
relationship of the form
Dependent variable = f( independent variables,
parameters, forcing functions)
• The dependent (state) variable is a characteristic that usually reflects
the behavior or state of the system.
• The independent (decision) variables are usually dimensions such as
time and space, along which the system’s behavior is determined.
• The parameters (constants) are reflective of the system’s properties
or composition.
• The forcing functions are external influences acting up on the
system.
a=F/m
 a= the dependent variable reflecting the system’s behavior.
 F= the forcing function &
 m=a parameter representing property of the system.
The engineering problem
solving process.
Model evaluation
An important part of the modeling process is the evaluation of an
acquired model.
 How do we know if a mathematical model describes the system well?
 How do we know that the measurement data are a representative set
of possible values?
 Does the model describe well the properties of the system between
the measurement data (interpolation)?
 Does the model describe well events outside the measurement data
(extrapolation)?
A common approach is to split the measured data into two parts;
training data and verification data.
• The training data are used to train the model, that is, to estimate
the model parameters.
• The verification data are used to evaluate model performance.
If the model describes the verification data well, then the model
describes the real system well.
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Computer programs are merely a set of instructions that
direct the computer to perform a certain task.
Two types of software users are:
 Those who take what they have given.
 Who can grow and become a "power user" by
learning to write computer program for solving
specific problems.
In this course you will write Python to perform
engineering-oriented numerical calculations.

Python is a popular general-purpose programming


language. It is used in machine learning, web
development, desktop applications, and many other
fields.
Android
Python Application for phone

ios
ERROR ANALYSIS
 Numerical techniques yield estimate that are close to the
exact analytical solution, there could be discrepancy, or
error, because the numerical method involve an
approximation.
 If analytical solution is available it helps to compute the
error exactly.
 For many applied engineering problems, we cannot
obtain analytical solutions. In these cases, we must settle
for approximations or estimates of the errors.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Significant figure, or digit, has been developed to formally designate
the reliability of a numerical value.
Example discuss the number of significant digit for the given numbers
0.001234 0.0001234 1.234x10^-9
0.00104561 0.0012345 0.000123456
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
The errors associated with both calculations and measurements can be
characterized with regard to their accuracy and precision.
 Accuracy refers to how closely a computed or measured value
agrees with the true value.
 Precision refers to how closely individual computed or measured
values agree with each other.
Numerical errors arise from the use of approximations to represent
exact mathematical operations and quantities.
• Truncation errors, which result when approximations are used to
represent exact mathematical procedures, and
• Round-off errors, which result when numbers having limited
significant figures are used to represent exact numbers.

True value= approximation + error


Et = true value – approximation
Where, Et is true error

Where, is true percent relative error

Where, is approximate percent error

ll< Where, Es is pre-specified error

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