Embedded system and IoT

Unit- V : Design and Development

RASPBERRY PI – Board details

PRAVEENKUMAR K
20EER074

Aug 28, 2021

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INTRODUCTION

Raspberry Pi is a series of compact, single-board computers developed by the

Raspberry Pi Foundation, a charitable organization based in the United Kingdom.
These small yet powerful computers are designed to facilitate learning,
experimentation, and prototyping in the realm of computer science and
electronics. Raspberry Pi boards consist of a central processing unit (CPU),
memory (RAM), input/output interfaces, and general-purpose input/output
(GPIO) pins, all integrated onto a single circuit board.
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OPERATING SYSTEM(OS)
Raspberry Pi supports various operating systems (OS) that cater to different needs and
preferences.

Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian): Raspberry Pi OS is the official operating

system for Raspberry Pi. It comes with a wide range of pre-installed software and tools,
making it ideal for beginners.

Windows 10 IoT Core: Windows 10 IoT Core is a version of Windows 10 designed for
small, low-cost devices that can run Universal Windows Platform (UWP)
applications.

Ubuntu: There is an official version of Ubuntu called "Ubuntu Desktop for Raspberry
Pi" which provides a full desktop experience. It is based on Ubuntu Linux and supports
many standard Ubuntu applications.

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COMPONENTS
Central Processing Unit (CPU): Every computer has a Central Processing Unit,
and so does the Raspberry Pi. It is the computer’s brain and carries out
instructions using logical and mathematical operations. Raspberry Pi makes use
of the ARM11 series processor on its boards.
HDMI port : Raspberry Pi board has an HDMI or High Definition Multimedia
Interface port that allows the device to have video options of the output from the
computer displayed.
Graphic Processing Unit (GPU): This unit, GPU or Graphic Processing Unit, is
another part of the Raspberry pi board. Its primary purpose is to hasten the speed
of image calculations.
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Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory is a core part of a computer’s processing

system. It is where real-time information is stored for easy access. The initial
Raspberry Pi had 256MB RAM. The model with the maximum capacity presently is
the Raspberry Pi 4 with 8GB RAM space.

Ethernet port: The Ethernet port is a connectivity hardware feature available on B

models of Raspberry Pi. The Ethernet port enables wired internet access to the
minicomputer. Without it, software updates, web surfing, etc., would not be possible
using the Raspberry Pi. The Ethernet port found on Raspberry computers uses the
RJ45 Ethernet jack. With this component, Raspberry Pi can connect to routers and
other devices.

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SD card slot: The Raspberry Pi board has a Secure Digital card or SD card slot
where users must insert SD cards for the computer to function. The SD card
functions like a hard drive as it contains the operating system necessary for turning
the system on. It also serves to store data.

General Purpose Input and Output (GPIO) pins: GPIO pins are used to
interact with other electronic circuits. They can read and control the electric signals
from other boards or devices based on how the user programs them. The oldest
models of the Raspberry Pi had 26 pins, but most have 40 GPIO pins.

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LEDs
These are a group of five light-emitting diodes. They signal the user on the present
status of the Raspberry Pi unit. Their function covers:

• PWR (Red): This functions solely to indicate power status. When the unit is on, it
emits a red light and only goes off when the unit is switched off, or disconnected
from the power source.
• ACT (Green): This flashes to indicate any form of SD card activity.
• LNK (Orange): LNK LED gives off an orange light to signify that active
Ethernet connectivity has been established.
• 100 (Orange): This light comes on during Ethernet connection when the data
speed reaches 100Mbps.
• FDX (Orange): FDX light also comes during Ethernet connection. It shows that
the connection is a full-duplex.

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USB ports : Universal service bus (USB) ports are a principal part of Raspberry
Pi. They allow the computer to connect to a keyboard, mouse, hard drives, etc.
The first model of Raspberry Pi had only two USB 2.0 ports. Subsequent models
increased this number to four. Raspberry Pi 4 and Pi 400, much newer models,
come with a mix of USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports.

Power source: Raspberry Pi has a power source connector that typically uses a 5V
micro USB power cable. The amount of electricity any Raspberry Pi consumes
depends on what it’s used for and the number of peripheral hardware devices
connected.

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DIFFERENT BOARDS

• Pi 1 Model B: Released in 2012

• Pi 1 Model A: Released in 2013
• Pi 1 Model B+: Released in 2014
• Pi 1 Model A+: Released in 2014
• Pi 2 Model B: Released in 2015
• Pi Zero: Released in 2015
• Pi 3 Model B: Released in 2016
• Pi Zero W: Released in 2017
• Raspberry Pi 400: Released in 2020
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

• Programming an raspberry pi involves the writing code, typically in the C/C+

+,python,scratch .
• Some other languages are java,javascript.
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FEATUERS
• Compact Size: Raspberry Pi boards are small and compact, making them
suitable for projects with space constraints.
• Broadcom Processor: Raspberry Pi typically uses ARM-based processors
from Broadcom, which provide a good balance of performance and energy
efficiency.
• Video Output: Raspberry Pi boards usually have HDMI or composite video
output, enabling them to connect to monitors and TVs.
• Network Connectivity: Raspberry Pi boards often have built-in Ethernet ports
and support for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, allowing them to connect to
networks and other devices wirelessly.
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FEATUERS
• Operating System Support: Raspberry Pi supports various operating systems,
including Raspbian (a Debian-based Linux distribution optimized for Raspberry
Pi), as well as other Linux distributions and even Windows 10 IoT Core.

• Camera Interface: Raspberry Pi models often feature a camera interface,

allowing users to connect camera modules and capture photos and videos.

• Display Interface: In addition to HDMI output, Raspberry Pi boards may feature

display interfaces like DSI (Display Serial Interface) and MIPI DSI for connecting
to compatible displays.

• Audio Output: Raspberry Pi has a 3.5mm audio jack for connecting speakers or
headphones, enabling audio output for multimedia applications.

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ADVANTAGES
• Affordability: Raspberry Pi boards are affordable, making them accessible to a
wide range of users, including students, hobbyists, and educators. The low cost
encourages experimentation and learning without a significant financial
investment.
• GPIO Pins: Raspberry Pi boards come with General Purpose Input/Output
(GPIO) pins, allowing users to connect various sensors, actuators, and other
electronic components. This feature is essential for hardware projects and
experiments.
• Compact Size: The small size of Raspberry Pi boards makes them suitable for
projects with limited space, including portable devices and embedded systems.
• Low Power Consumption: Raspberry Pi boards are energy-efficient, consuming
very little power compared to traditional desktop computers. This makes them
suitable for battery-powered projects and continuous operation without a
significant impact on electricity bills.
• Easy Setup: Raspberry Pi boards are designed for easy setup. They typically run
on microSD cards, and users can choose from various operating systems, making
it straightforward to customize the Pi for specific applications.
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DISADVANTAGES
• Limited Processing Power: Raspberry Pi boards are not as powerful as high-
end desktop computers or servers. While they are suitable for many tasks, they
can struggle with resource-intensive applications or tasks that require significant
computational power.
• Limited RAM: Raspberry Pi models typically come with limited RAM, which
can affect the performance of applications, especially when running multiple
programs simultaneously or dealing with large datasets.
• Limited Graphics Capabilities: Raspberry Pi's graphic capabilities might not
be sufficient for demanding graphical applications or modern video games.
• Limited Storage: Raspberry Pi primarily uses microSD cards for storage. While
you can use external storage options, the default microSD card storage can be
limited in terms of speed and capacity.