Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration
copyright cmassengale 1
Cellular Respiration
 A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2) requiring
process that uses energy extracted from
macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy
(ATP) and water (H2O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP
Question:
 In what kinds organisms does cellular
respiration take place?
Plants and Animals
 Plants - Autotrophs:
Autotrophs self-producers.
 Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
 Anaerobic DOES  Aerobic requires
NOT require oxygen
oxygen  Yields large
 Simple amounts of energy
 fast  What is this energy
 produces smaller molecule?
 ATP, ATP, ATP
amounts of
energy (ATP)
October 20, 2023
Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Rough Smooth
endoplasmic endoplasmic
reticulum reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Plant Cell Organelles
Mitochondria
 Organelle where cellular respiration takes
place.
Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
Redox Reaction
 Transfer of one or more electrons from
one reactant to another.
 Two types:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction
Oxidation Reaction
 The loss of electrons from a substance.
 Or the gain of oxygen.
oxygen
Oxidation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP
Reduction Reaction
 The gain of electrons to a
substance.
 Or the loss of oxygen.
oxygen
Reduction
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose ATP
Breakdown of Cellular
Respiration
 Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.
2. Grooming Phase
a. migration from cytosol to matrix.
Breakdown of Cellular
Respiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
a. mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and

Oxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.
1. Glycolysis
 Occurs in the cytosol just outside of
mitochondria.
 Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phase
a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).
B. Energy yielding phase
a. Energy payoff phase (second 5
steps).
1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C

2ATP
2 ATP - used
0 ATP - produced
0 NADH - produced
2ADP + P
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) C-C-C C-C-C

(G3P or GAP)
1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)
GAP GAP
(G3P or GAP) C-C-C C-C-C
4ADP + P 0 ATP - used
4 ATP - produced
2 NADH - produced
4ATP
C-C-C C-C-C
(PYR) (PYR)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C)
(PYR)
1. Glycolysis
 Total Net Yield
2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)
2 - ATP (Substrate-level
Phosphorylation)
2 - NADH
Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation
 ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a
phosphate group from a substrate to
ADP.
Enzyme
O-
C=O
C-O- P P Adenosine
P
Substrate CH2 ADP
(PEP)
Example:
PEP to PYR
O-
Product C=O P P P Adenosine
(Pyruvate) C=O
CH2copyright cmassengale ATP 18
Fermentation
 Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is
present (called anaerobic).
 Remember: glycolysis is part of
fermentation.
fermentation
 Two Types:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation
 Plants and Fungi  beer and wine
2ADP
2ATP
C +2 P
2NADH 2 NAD+
C
C C
C
Glycolysis C C
C
C
C 2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
2CO2
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH acid
glucose released
Alcohol Fermentation
 End Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).
2ADP
C +2 P
2ATP
C 2NADH 2 NAD+
C C C
C Glycolysis C C
C C C
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH
2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic
acid acid
Glucose
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 End Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - Lactic Acids
2. Grooming Phase
 Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).
 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported
through the mitochondria membrane to the
matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
molecules.
Cytosol 2 CO2
C
C Matrix
C
2 Pyruvate C-C
2 NAD+ 2NADH 2 Acetyl CoA
2. Grooming Phase
 End Products: grooming phase
2 - NADH
2 - CO2
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)
 Location: mitochondrial matrix.

 Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid
(4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
 It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize
1 glucose molecule.
Mitochondrial
Matrix
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
Krebs 2 CO2
Cycle
FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+
FAD
3 NADH
ATP ADP +
copyright cmassengale P 27
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
Citrate (6C)
OAA (4C)
Krebs 4 CO2
Cycle
2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+
2 FAD
6 NADH
2 ATP 2 ADP
copyright cmassengale + P 28
 Total net yield (2 turns of krebs

cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2. 6 - NADH
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
(Chemiosmosis)
 Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
 Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP
Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
 ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane
(lowers pH in innermembrane space).
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
(Chemiosmosis)
 The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive
Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
 All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during
this stage of cellular respiration.
respiration
 Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
 Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at
a lower level than NADH).
(Chemiosmosis)
Inner Matrix
membrane space Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for NADH)
Intermembrane Space higher H+

concentration
1H+ 2H+ 3H+ H+ ATP
Synthase
Inner
E T C Mitochondrial
Membrane
2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ADP + P

ATP
NADH NAD+ H+
+ H+
(Proton Pumping) lower H+

concentration
Matrix
4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
Intermembrane Space higher H+
concentration
1H+ 2H+ H+ ATP
Synthase
Inner
E T C Mitochondrial
Membrane
ADP + P
FADH2 FAD+
2H+ +
H2O H+ ATP
+ H+ 1/2O2
(Proton Pumping)
lower H+
concentration
Matrix
TOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level
phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative
phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATP
Eukaryotes
(Have Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular
Respiration (Eukaryotes)
Glucose
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs
Cycle
2 Pyruvate
2NADH 2 ATP
6NADH 2FADH2 (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
36copyright
ATP (maximum
cmassengale per glucose) 37
Prokaryotes
(Lack Membranes)
 Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL
Question:
 In addition to glucose, what other
various food molecules are use in
Cellular Respiration?
Catabolism of Various
Food Molecules
 Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids

Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and

Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C

Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) C-C-C C-C-C

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

 Location: mitochondrial matrix.

OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)

 Total net yield (2 turns of krebs

Intermembrane Space higher H+

2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ADP + P

(Proton Pumping) lower H+

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