Chapter 1 Numbering System

DIGITAL
ELECTRONICS
DEE 2034
CHAPTER 1
NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CODE
NUMBER SYSTEMS CONCEPTS
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The most familiar number in our daily live is decimal number system (base 10).
The highest numerical symbol always has a value of one less than the base.
The decimal number system has a base of 10, so the numeral with the highest
value is 9.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
Digital computers internally use the binary (base 2) number
system to represent
data and perform arithmetic calculations.
The binary number system is very efficient for computers, but not
for humans. The binary number system has a base of 2, so the
numeral with the highest value is 1, etc.
DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
To convert decimal number to binary, continually divide the
number by 2 until the quotient is zero.
The remainders give the binary representation of the number in
reverse order.
Example 1
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary.
a) 10910 b) 0.37210 c) 23.7810
DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Solution
DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Solution
DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Solution
EXERCISE
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
BINARY TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
To convert binary number to decimal, multiply the binary digits by
the correct power of 2 and sum them.
Example 2
Convert the following binary number to their decimal equivalents.
a) 101101012 b) 0.101012 c) 1101.10112
BINARY TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
BINARY TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
The octal number system has a base of 8, so the numeral with
the highest value is 7.
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
To convert decimal number to octal, continually divide the number
by 8 until the quotient is zero.
The remainders give the octal representation of the number in
reverse order.
Example 3
Exchange the following decimal number to octal.
a) 266310 b) 0.87310 c) 156.32410
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
Solution
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
Solution
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
Solution
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
To determine the value of an octal number, we can expand the
number using the positional weights as follows:
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Example 4
Express the following octal number to decimal.
a) 37218 b) 0.2468 c) 461.568
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Solution
a) 37218
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Solution
b) 0.2468
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Solution
c) 461.568
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Solution
OCTAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Solution
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM
The hexadecimal number system uses not only the numerals 0
through 9, but also uses the letters A, B, C, D, E and F to
represent the equivalent.
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
CONVERSION
To convert decimal number to hexadecimal, continually divide the
number by 16 until the quotient is zero.
The remainders give the hexadecimal representation of the
number in reverse order.
Example 5
Exchange the following decimal number to hexadecimal.
a) 266910 b) 0.98710 c) 312.7810.
CONVERSION
Solution
CONVERSION
Solution
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
To convert hexadecimal number to decimal, multiply the
hexadecimal digits by the correct power of 16 and sum them.
CONVERSION
Example 6
Convert the following from hexadecimal to decimal:
a) AB6516 b) 234.DE16
CONVERSION
Solution
BINARY TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
Example 1: Convert 111010012 to octal.
Example 2: Convert 11010011.110112 to octal.

OCTAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Example 1: Convert 6378 to binary.
Example 2: Convert 123.458 to binary.

BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
CONVERSION
Example 1: Convert 11011100011102 to hexadecimal.
Example 2: Convert 1101011011.11011102 to hexadecimal.

HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Example 1: Convert A6C716 to binary.
Example 2: Convert 1B3.4F16 to binary.

MARKED NUMBER SYSTEM
Sign number consists of 1’s complement and 2’s complement.
For all positive binary number, 1’s complement is the same as
binary number.
For negative binary number, 1’s complement is the reversal of
that binary number.
Example 1:
+ 15 = + 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 12 (positive 1’s complement)
- 12 = - 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 02 = 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 (reversal of binary number)
MARKED NUMBER SYSTEM
For all positive binary number, 2’s complement is the same as
binary number.
For negative binary number, 2’s complement is the reversal of
binary number and added up with one (1).
Example 1:
+ 15 = + 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 12 (2’s complement positive)
- 12 = - 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 02 = 1111 01002 (2’s complement negative)
TWO COMPLEMENTS METHOD IN
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
OPERATION.
Case 1: Both numbers are positive.
OPERATION.
Case 2: Positive number is larger than negative number.
OPERATION.
Case 3: Negative number is larger than positive number.
**Note: Bit 8 equal to 1 shows that the final value is negative.

OPERATION.
Case 4: Both numbers are negative.
**Note: Bit 8 equal to 1 shows that the final value is negative.

Carry bit is disregard (don’t care).
BINARY CODED DECIMAL
(BCD) 8421.
Convert a length binary number to decimal needs lot of steps to
follow.
By using Binary Coded Decimal Code, the conversion can be
done in minimum steps.
In BCD, each decimal digit can be written by a group of 4
binary digits.
(BCD) 8421.
Example 1:
Convert the decimal number 56710 and 387.5010 to its equivalent
BCD number.
(BCD) 8421.
Example 2:
Convert the BCD number 100100010000BCD to its equivalent
decimal number.
100100010000BCD =
(BCD) 8421.
Example 3:
Convert the binary number 1011.012 to its BCD equivalent.
(BCD) 8421.
Example 4:
Convert the BCD number 000110000001 to its binary equivalent.
ASCII CODE
ASCII CODE
Example 1:
Following are messages that have been coded in ASCII code.
What is the meaning of the messages?
i) 52 6F 62 65 72 74 20 57 2A 42 65 6D 65 72
ii) 100 0001 100 1110 101 0011 110 1100 110 1001 110 1110 010
0000 011 0001 011 1001 011 0110 011 0011
ASCII CODE
Example 2:
One operator is typing in the BASIC program on a keyboard of
microcomputer. Determine what code will be inserted into the
memory when the operator typed the following BASIC word:
www.bobbemer.com
TUTORIAL

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DIGITAL

Example 1: Convert 111010012 to octal.

Example 2: Convert 11010011.110112 to octal.

Example 2: Convert 123.458 to binary.

Example 1: Convert 11011100011102 to hexadecimal.

Example 2: Convert 1101011011.11011102 to hexadecimal.

Example 2: Convert 1B3.4F16 to binary.

Case 3: Negative number is larger than positive number.

**Note: Bit 8 equal to 1 shows that the final value is negative.

**Note: Bit 8 equal to 1 shows that the final value is negative.

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