Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 20 views

    Steps in A Chemical Analysis

    Uploaded by

    قناص المدينه
    1. The document outlines the key steps in a chemical analysis process, including planning the analysis, sampling, drying and measuring the sample, dissolving the sample, separating interfering substances, measuring the desired substance, and calculating and reporting the results. 2. Some of the main steps are sampling to obtain a representative sample, drying to remove water content, dissolving the sample in an appropriate solvent, separating any interfering substances, and measuring the quantity of the desired substance. 3. The results are then calculated and reported with the proper units, and may be averaged or corrected for dilution if needed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Steps in A Chemical Analysis

    Uploaded by

    قناص المدينه
    20 views13 pages
    1. The document outlines the key steps in a chemical analysis process, including planning the analysis, sampling, drying and measuring the sample, dissolving the sample, separating interfering substances, measuring the desired substance, and calculating and reporting the results. 2. Some of the main steps are sampling to obtain a representative sample, drying to remove water content, dissolving the sample in an appropriate solvent, separating any interfering substances, and measuring the quantity of the desired substance. 3. The results are then calculated and reported with the proper units, and may be averaged or corrected for dilution if needed.

    Original Title

    9517907

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. The document outlines the key steps in a chemical analysis process, including planning the analysis, sampling, drying and measuring the sample, dissolving the sample, separating interfering substances, measuring the desired substance, and calculating and reporting the results. 2. Some of the main steps are sampling to obtain a representative sample, drying to remove water content, dissolving the sample in an appropriate solvent, separating any interfering substances, and measuring the quantity of the desired substance. 3. The results are then calculated and reported with the proper units, and may be averaged or corrected for dilution if needed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    20 views13 pages

    Steps in A Chemical Analysis

    Uploaded by

    قناص المدينه
    1. The document outlines the key steps in a chemical analysis process, including planning the analysis, sampling, drying and measuring the sample, dissolving the sample, separating interfering substances, measuring the desired substance, and calculating and reporting the results. 2. Some of the main steps are sampling to obtain a representative sample, drying to remove water content, dissolving the sample in an appropriate solvent, separating any interfering substances, and measuring the quantity of the desired substance. 3. The results are then calculated and reported with the proper units, and may be averaged or corrected for dilution if needed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Chapter 2

    Steps in a chemical analysis

    1
    Plan of analysis 2.1
    Before doing any quantitative analysis, the
    :following questions should be answered
    ! what analytical information is needed -1
    what analyses are necessary to provide these ! -2
    information
    ! which analytical methods should be used -3
    limits -
    interferences -
    2
    instruments and equipment -
    Sampling 2.2
    !What is the aim of sampling

    To have a representative, measurable, sample can


    be analyzed

    Difficulties in sampling results from non-homogenous


    sample particles size
    Liquid samples i.e. water, are more homogenous than
    solid ones i.e. soil
    3
    Water samples are more homogenous than
    wastewater samples
    Types of samples
    Grab: one single -
    Composite: multi grab -

    4
    Drying the sample 2.3
    What is drying mean
    Removing the water content

    What is the goal of drying


    Make the sample anhydrous-1
    evaluating the water content (moisture) from the -2
    :sample by
    Moisture weight loss -
    Collection of the moisture from the sample -
    5
    Measuring the sample 2.4
    The results of quantitative analysis are usually
    reported in
    % weight -1
    % volume -2
    % mole -3
    ,other units -4
    .…i.e Molarities, Normality, ..PPM
    6
    In measuring it is important for analytical steps to
    use the most appropriate tool
    i.e
    - analytical balance in weighing small amounts
    - The use of volumetric tools for liquid samples

    7
    2.5 Dissolving the sample
    The good solvent for a sample have to dissolve the
    amount of the sample completely in as short time
    as possible

    The types of solvents used most commonly:


    (principle like dissolve like)
    Water: suitable for ionic polar substances -1
    inorganic ones and some non-organic ones

    8
    organic solvents: such as alcohols, ketones, -2
    …,acetonitriles
    mineral acids: concentrated or slightly diluted -3
    .acids (i.e. HCl, H2SO4) specially for metals
    Fusion: some samples fail to be dissolved in -4
    any other ways, so they can be brought into
    solution by fusing them with a high temperature
    acid or base. i.e
    Potassium pyrosulfate K2S2O7
    Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
    9
    2.6 separating interfering substances
    The ideal quantitative method for a substance is
    that can measure the maximum desired substance
    in the presence of possible foreign substances.
    (selectivity)
    Interferences: species that present and prevent the
    direct measurement or increase or decrease the
    exact one of the analyte
    Solution to interferences! !

    10
    :Separation of interferences
    Is important step to minimize the interferences
    :It can be achieved by
    precipitating: the analyte or the interferences -1
    solvent extraction -2
    ion exchange -3
    adding inhibition substances -4

    11
    2.7 measuring the desired substance
    In this step, the quantity of the substance being
    determined is actually measured
    The measuring step is different from method to
    another. i.e.
    -In gravimetric: isolation and weighing the
    precipitate
    -In titremetric: measuring volumes of standard
    solution required to react with substance.
    12
    The Measuring step usually needs some adjustment
    of several conditions (pH), and within a specific
    range (detection limit)
    2.8 calculating and evaluating the results
    The measurement step provide the data needed to
    calculate the quantity of each species in the sample,
    Then

    expression of results with the appropriate unit is


    needed and the final result expression is reported after
    averaging when duplicates or replicates used, or after
    correction by dilution factors when dilution is
    performed
    13 .

    You might also like