托福阅读

—— 推断题
阅读简介

 3-4
 60m-80m
 700+
 12-14
 30
阅读十大题型

事实信息题 (According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?)

否定事实信息题（ Not/Except)
推断题 (infer/imply)
修辞目的题 (why…mention/include the information)
句子简化题 ( 阴影部分的句子）
句子插入题（■）
指代题 (it/they)
词汇题 (closest in meaning to)
文章总结题（表格题）
托福阅读考察能力

词汇 句子 检索 推理 总结

词汇题 句子简化题 事实信息题 推断题 文章总结题

指代题 句子插入题 否定事实信息题 修辞目的题 表格题
Course Review
本节课内容：

一、题型特点
二、提问方式
三、解题步骤
四、解题原则
一、题型特点

These questions measure your ability to comprehend an argument or an idea that is

strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text.
二、提问方式

Which of the following can be inferred about X?

The author of the passage implies that X… ？
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph
1 about X?
In stating X the author indicates that...
什么是推断？
什么是推断？

答：推就是推导，断就是判断 ...... 推断就是推导与判断 ......

什么是推断？

答：推就是推导，断就是判断 ...... 推断就是推导与判断 ......

如何推导与判断？
什么是推断？

答：推就是推导，断就是判断 ...... 推断就是推导与判断 ......

如何推导与判断？

答：推导是利用两者的关系和其中一者的特征特性，推出另一者的特征特
性，

例如： A 和 B 的关系是兄妹， A 姓张，则可以根据关系推导出， B 也姓

张
什么是推断？

答：推就是推导，断就是判断 ...... 推断就是推导与判断 ......

如何推导与判断？

答：推导是利用两者的关系和其中一者的特征特性，推出另一者的特征特
性，

例如： A 和 B 的关系是兄妹， A 姓张，则可以根据关系推导出， B 也姓

张

判断则是根据推导结果，针对选项进行判断
什么是推断？

答：推就是推导，断就是判断 ...... 推断就是推导与判断 ......

如何推导与判断？

答：推导是利用两者的关系和其中一者的特征特性，推出另一者的特征特
性，

例如： A 和 B 的关系是兄妹， A 姓张，则可以根据关系推导出， B 也姓

张

判断则是根据推导结果，针对选项进行判断
正向推导
正向推导：寻找两者的相似性

正向推导包括：包含，等于或者相似
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with
maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in
midsuccessional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures,
for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical
models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem
stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more
likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more
likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as they mature.
B. They support many species when they reach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with
maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in
midsuccessional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures,
for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical
models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem
stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more
likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more
likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as they mature.
B. They support many species when they reach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with
maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in
midsuccessional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures,
for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical
models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem
stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more
likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more
likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as they mature.
B. They support many species when they reach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages
 Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of
species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced.
 Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of
species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced.

例如，红杉树林成熟的过程中，物种种类和个体数量都
在减少
 Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of
species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced.

例如，红杉树林成熟的过程中，物种种类和个体数量都
在减少

言外之意：红杉树林是个例子，例子用来证明观点，因
此，例子一定具备观点所陈述的特征
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with
maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in
midsuccessional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures,
for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical
models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem
stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more
likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more
likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as they mature.
B. They support many species when they reach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with
maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in
midsuccessional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures,
for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest
floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical
models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem
stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more
likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more
likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as they mature.
B. They support many species when they reach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages
做题步骤：
做题步骤：

1 ）读题干，寻找推断对象
做题步骤：

1 ）读题干，寻找推断对象

2 ）回到原文中收集推断对象的相关信息，并寻找关系进行推导
做题步骤：

1 ）读题干，寻找推断对象

2 ）回到原文中收集推断对象的相关信息，并寻找关系进行推导

3 ）依据推导，作出合理判断
做题步骤：

1 ）读题干，寻找推断对象

2 ）回到原文中收集推断对象的相关信息，并寻找关系进行推导

3 ）依据推导，作出合理判断

可利用关系：正向推导和逆向推导
做题步骤：

1 ）读题干，寻找推断对象

2 ）回到原文中收集推断对象的相关信息，并寻找关系进行推导

3 ）依据推导，作出合理判断

可利用关系：正向推导和逆向推导

正向推导：寻找相似性
做题步骤：

1 ）读题干，寻找推断对象

2 ）回到原文中收集推断对象的相关信息，并寻找关系进行推导

3 ）依据推导，作出合理判断

可利用关系：正向推导和逆向推导

正向推导：寻找相似性
逆向推导：寻找相反性
做题步骤：

1 ）读题干，寻找推断对象

2 ）回到原文中收集推断对象的相关信息，并寻找关系进行推导

3 ）依据推导，作出合理判断

可利用关系：正向推导和逆向推导

正向推导：寻找相似性
逆向推导：寻找相反性（较为常见）
逆向推导
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through
lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs,
and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are
functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct
but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a
walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly
intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
B. There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through
lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs,
and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are
functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct
but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a
walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly
intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
B. There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through
lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs,
and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are
functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct
but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a
walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly
intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
B. There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through
lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs,
and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are
functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct
but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a
walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly
intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
B. There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and
walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to
envision what the first whales looked like.
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and
walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to
envision what the first whales looked like.

和 sea otters 不同的是，不容易想象出第一只鲸鱼的样子。

However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and
walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to
envision what the first whales looked like.

和 sea otters 不同的是，不容易想象出第一只鲸鱼的样子。

sea otter 和 whale 不同

However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and
walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to
envision what the first whales looked like.

和 sea otters 不同的是，不容易想象出第一只鲸鱼的样子。

sea otter 和 whale 不同

whales 难以想象
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and
walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to
envision what the first whales looked like.

和 sea otters 不同的是，不容易想象出第一只鲸鱼的样子。

sea otter 和 whale 不同

whales 难以想象

sea otters 不难想象

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through
lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs,
and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.
However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are
functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct
but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a
walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly
intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
B. There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains
逆向推导的比较常见的情况：

1 ） unlike ， opposite to 以及反义词，比较结构等直接表示相反的词所引发的

逆向推导

2 ）时间前后引发的逆向推导

3 ）集合关系引发的逆向推导
逆向推导的比较常见的情况：

1 ） unlike ， opposite to 以及反义词，比较结构等直接表示相反的词所引发的

逆向推导

2 ）时间前后引发的逆向推导

3 ）集合关系引发的逆向推导
 例 题

“Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits
expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases
occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.”

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
○New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
○The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
○Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
○Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
 例 题

“Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits
expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases
occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.”

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
○New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
○The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
○Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
○Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
 例 题

“Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits
expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases
occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.”

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
○New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
○The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
○Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
○Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in
nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the
civil war
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in
nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the
civil war

非农业人口的数量和百分比迅速的扩张
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in
nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the
civil war

非农业人口的数量和百分比迅速的扩张

言外之意：农业人口的百分比会减少，
因为非农业和农业的人口的百分比加一起是 100%
 例 题

“Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits
expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases
occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.”

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
○New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
○The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
○Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
○Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
时间前后引发逆向推导
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of
the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock
and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled
more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market
economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration
increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an
English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a
peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the
Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of
the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock
and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled
more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market
economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration
increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an
English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a
peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the
Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of
the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock
and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled
more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market
economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration
increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an
English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a
peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the
Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy
After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western
farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market
economy.
After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western
farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market
economy.
改良的交通使得越来越多的农民摆脱了自给自足的生活方式并且进入到国家市场经济
After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western
farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market
economy.
1815 年后，改良的交通使得越来越多的农民摆脱了自给自足的生活方式并且进入到国家市场
经济

言外之意： 1815 年之前，农民过着自给自足的生活，并未进入国家市场经济体系中

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of
the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock
and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled
more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market
economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration
increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an
English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a
peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the
Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy
时间前后引发的逆向推导：

需要寻找的是发生改变的时间节点，

其前后是两种相反的状态
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the
candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was
developed to refine tallow （ fat from animals ） with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product
called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was
possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also
derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…”

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
○They did not smoke when they were burned.
○They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
○They were not available to all.
○They contained sulfuric acid.
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the
candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was
developed to refine tallow （ fat from animals ） with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product
called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was
possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also
derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…”

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
○They did not smoke when they were burned.
○They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
○They were not available to all.
○They contained sulfuric acid.
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the
candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was
developed to refine tallow （ fat from animals ） with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product
called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was
possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also
derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…”

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
○They did not smoke when they were burned.
○They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
○They were not available to all.
○They contained sulfuric acid.
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that
revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all.
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that
revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all.
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that
revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all.

19 世纪带来了新发现和发明，革命了蜡烛产业，使得照明走进了千家万户
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that
revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all.

19 世纪带来了新发现和发明，革命了蜡烛产业，使得照明走进了千家万户

言外之意， 19 世纪以前，蜡烛产业并没有被革命化，照明并未走进千家万户
The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the
candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was
developed to refine tallow （ fat from animals ） with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product
called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was
possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also
derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…”

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
○They did not smoke when they were burned.
○They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
○They were not available to all.
○They contained sulfuric acid.
强化练习
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one
species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic
relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can
be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations
of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from

paragraph 1?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to suivive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one
species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic
relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can
be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations
of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from

paragraph 1?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to suivive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one
species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic
relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can
be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations
of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from

paragraph 1?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to suivive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one
species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic
relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can
be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations
of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from

paragraph 1?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to suivive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one
There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and
mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological
community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially
interacting in a particular area.

有三种共生关系： parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism ，其中第一和第三是

key factor （在生物群落结构方面）
There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and
mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological
community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially
interacting in a particular area.

有三种共生关系： parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism ，其中第一和第三是

key factor （在生物群落结构方面）

言外之意：第二种，也就是我们的推断对象， commensalism ，在生物群落结构

方面，不是重要因素
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one
species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic
relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can
be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations
of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from

paragraph 1?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to suivive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one
Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of
four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface
water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and
depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part
of the landscape.

Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A. Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains.
B. Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.
C. Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts.
D. Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.
Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of
four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface
water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and
depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part
of the landscape.

Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A. Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains.
B. Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.
C. Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts.
D. Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.
Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of
four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface
water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and
depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part
of the landscape.

Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A. Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains.
B. Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.
C. Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts.
D. Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.
An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a
desert.
An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a
desert.

年降雨量 4 英寸经常被用来界定沙漠的极限
An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a
desert.

年降雨量 4 英寸经常被用来界定沙漠的极限

言外之意：沙漠的极限就是超过这个数，就不再是沙漠了
沙漠：年降雨量少于 4 inches
其他：年降雨量大于 4 inches
Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of
four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface
water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and
depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part
of the landscape.

Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A. Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains.
B. Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.
C. Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts.
D. Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.
逆向推导的比较常见的情况：

1 ） unlike ， opposite to 以及反义词，比较结构等直接表示相反的词所引发的

逆向推导

2 ）时间前后引发的逆向推导

3 ）集合关系引发的逆向推导
强化练习
If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, then they must produce very large numbers unless
they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plants depend on wind for dispersal
and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is
not always a reliable means of reaching the appropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in
some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or
small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,
and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example, as many
as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in
coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer
species. The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large
seed bank on the forest floor.

What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the reason that large seeds are dispersed by birds or small
animals rather than by wind?
A. Large seeds are easier for birds and animals to see than are the small seeds dispersed by the wind.
B. Large seeds are too heavy for the wind to disperse.
C. Large seeds cannot be eaten by birds and animals.
D. Large seeds are short-lived and thus require a more efficient means of dispersal than small seeds do.
This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies
building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth
mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity
to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs
across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and
collecting all the fossils he could find ． Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10000
miles per year ． In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of
England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be
used today ．

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions ．
B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented ．
C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in
theprocess ．
D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata ．
Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and stared a transportation revolution
that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy First came
the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850’s, steamboats
eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only
faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-
propelled keelboats. Next came the Erie Canal, an enormous project in its day, spanning about 350 miles.
After the canal went into operation, the cost per mile of transporting a ton of freight from Buffalo to New
York City declined from nearly 20 cents to less that 1 cent. Eventually, the western states diverted much
of their produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal, a shorter route to eastern markets.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about flatboats and keelboats?
A. They ceased to b used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.
B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.
C. They were used for long distance but not for regional transportation.
D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.
推断题：一大特征即为：无法通过定位得出答案，故此，阅读段落中提取信息十分重要，同时，选项中频
繁出现的单词或者意群亦需要注意
解题方法：
1 找到推理对象（ about ， from 后面一般都是）
2 理解推理对象 , 收集信息（理解推理对象【比如实验】，寻找包含【鲸鱼的一生和繁殖，红杉树林和温
带】，相似相异性【 like ， unlike 】以及变化节点【文章中的 4 inches ， 1815 年】）
3 对比四个选项，一一排除（错误选项特征： 1 与推理对象无关， 2 细节信息错误， 3 无端引入， 4 无端推
测）

Information collecting 提取信息

一般情况下，选项中的某些词会被在原文中替换掉，因此，提取出这些信息尤为重要
寻找包含关系
A 包含 B ，则 B 具备 A 的特征

识别正向推导，逆向推导
正向逆向推导：即为两个相互相似或者具备相同特征的物体之间的关系。比如上问题中的鲸鱼和革背龟
由此，需要定位文中的具备平行关系的 两个物体，并且通过平行关系可知，其中一个的特征即为另一个物
体具备的特征，由此来确定另一者的特征，就可以确定正确答案了
Skill 4: 关注信息变化点
潜在信息，即为文中作者暗示，但是却并没有直接浮现在文章中的信息，比如上文中的 4 inches