LESSON 3

MODES OF DATA PROCESSING

WHAT IS A FLOWCHART?

• A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence of steps and decisions needed to

perform a process. Each step in the sequence is noted within a diagram shape. Steps
are linked by connecting lines and directional arrows. This allows anyone to view the
flowchart and logically follow the process from beginning to end.

• A flowchart is a powerful business tool. With proper design and construction, it

communicates the steps in a process very effectively and efficiently.
USE OF A FLOWCHART

• It is a pictorial representation of an algorithm that increases the readability of the

program.

• Complex programs can be drawn in a simple way using a flowchart.

• It helps team members get an insight into the process and use this knowledge to collect
data, detect problems, develop software, etc.

• A flowchart is a basic step for designing a new process or add extra features.

• Communication with other people becomes easy by drawing flowcharts and sharing
them.
 WHEN TO USE FLOWCHART
• It is most importantly used when the programmers make projects. As a flowchart is a
basic step to make the design of projects pictorially, it is preferred by many.

• When the flowcharts of a process are drawn, the programmer understands the non-
useful parts of the process. So flowcharts are used to separate useful logic from the
unwanted parts.

• Since the rules and procedure of drawing a flowchart are universal, flowchart serves as
a communication channel to the people who are working on the same project for
better understanding.

• Optimizing a process becomes easier with flowcharts. The efficiency of code is

improved with the flowchart drawing.
 REPORT GENERATION
• Reports must be accurate, timely, and pertinent.

• The practice of employing a program to generate reports, mainly for business users, is known

• as report generation. We must develop a report definition that specifies the data to be

• retrieved, where to find it, and how to show it before we can generate a report.

• Compared to Excel, the report generation software makes the process of creating reports

• more effortless and more professional, from data entry to data display. There is less need for

• us to write code, for instance, to extract data from databases as we would with a SQL

• database. With a few clicks, even non-technical individuals may get data
FEATURES OF THE REPORT GENERATOR
• Feature 1: Support extracting data from
multiple data sources

• Feature 2: Works with real-time work

• Feature 3: Support reusing templates

• Feature 4: Support reports exporting and

printing Excel, PDF, CSV, or pictures by users.

• Feature 5: Support view reports on the web

or on mobile applications
 REPORT GENERATION PROCESS WITH REPORT GENERATORS
• Full-Automatic Generation– Based on the template

• Financial statistics templates have been constructed inside report generators like
FineReport, from indicators to formulas, from titles to formats. When using the fully
automated generation, all one has to do is log in to their database and drag the
appropriate cell.

• Semi-Automatic Generation– Use Professional Functions to Generate Each Module

Automatically. Semi-automatic report generation is more prevalent and better able to
cater to the unique needs of customers than full-automatic report generation.
DESIGNING REPORTS

• A whole report design process may be broken down into the following three steps:

• 1. Open designers, configure data sources, create new reports, and configure private
data sources as part of connecting to databases.

• 2. Create new reports, define data sources, bind data columns, summarise, and format

• reports as part of the report design process

 DESIGNING REPORTS
• 3. Report previewing, saving, and publishing are all included in the phrase "publish and
browse reports.“

• The process of retrieving the data from the database, structuring it, and exporting it as
reports is referred to as report production. It offers illuminating insights and reassuring
references to decision-makers.

The top three report generators in the company are as follows:

• Fine Report

• Crystal report

• SQL server reporting system

PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
• Pre-defined Functions

• . Local Variables

• Global Variables: They are declared outside all methods to be accessible from
anywhere in the code.

• Programming libraries: A programming library is a collection of code written

previously to utilize whenever a programmer requires it.

• Modularity: It is a general term that relates to the creation of software in a way

that allows individual modules to be developed, often with a standard interface to
let modules communicate with each other.
PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
BENEFITS OF PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING

Simplicity

Reusable Code

Easy

Testability

General Programming
Smaller Memory Requirement

Team-Friendly

Accessibility
 LIMITATIONS OF PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
• Focused on Operations: Focuses on functions and procedures more than data. This

method is unsuitable for projects where data is important.

• No Data Security: Data is exposed and accessible to multiple procedures in procedural

programming. Thus, it is unsuitable for projects where we must protect data.

• No Portability: Code can be reused within a single project. But they cannot be exported

to other projects. So we need to rewrite a lot of code when working on other projects.

Cannot Model the Real World: Since procedures are prioritized over data and objects,

this paradigm cannot model the real world properly.

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming model that organizes

software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic.

• An object can be defined as a data field that has unique attributes and behavior.
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)
 STRUCTURE OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
• Classes are user-defined data types that act as the blueprint for individual objects,
attributes and methods.

• Objects are instances of a class created with specifically defined data. Objects can
correspond to real-world objects or an abstract entity. When class is defined initially, the
description is the only object that is defined.

• Methods are functions that are defined inside a class that describe the behaviors of an
object. Each method contained in class definitions starts with a reference to an instance
object. Additionally, the subroutines contained in an object are called instance methods.
Programmers use methods for reusability or keeping functionality encapsulated inside one
object at a time.
CLASSES vs OBJECTS
PROCDEURAL vs OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
PROCDEURAL vs OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
PILLARS OF OOPS
 ENCAPSULATION

• This principle states that all important information is contained inside an object and
only select information is exposed.

• The implementation and state of each object are privately held inside a defined class.
Other objects do not have access to this class or the authority to make changes.

• They are only able to call a list of public functions or methods. This characteristic of
data hiding provides greater program security and avoids unintended data
corruption.
 INHERITANCE

Classes can reuse code from other classes.

Relationships and subclasses between objects
can be assigned, enabling developers to reuse
common logic while still maintaining a unique
hierarchy. This property of OOP forces a more
thorough data analysis, reduces development
time and ensures a higher level of accuracy.
 POLYMORPHISM
• Objects are designed to share behaviors and they can take on more than one form. The
program will determine which meaning or usage is necessary for each execution of that
object from a parent class, reducing the need to duplicate code. A child class is then
created, which extends the functionality of the parent class. Polymorphism allows
different types of objects to pass through the same interface.
ABSTRACTION

Objects only reveal internal mechanisms that are

relevant for the use of other objects, hiding any
unnecessary implementation code. The derived
class can have its functionality extended. This
concept can help developers more easily make
additional changes or additions over time.
 DATA ABSTRACTION

Objects only reveal internal

mechanisms that are relevant for
the use of other objects, hiding any
unnecessary implementation code.
The derived class can have its
functionality extended. This
concept can help developers more
easily make additional changes or
additions over time.
 VARIABLE DECLARATION

• In those languages, a variable's type

has to be specified before it may be
assigned to a value. This process is
called variable declaration. But in
Python, we don't declare variables,
we simply assign them. In short, we
can think of a variable in Python as a
name for an object
SYNTAX
• Syntax is the set of rules that define what the various combinations of symbols mean.

This tells the computer how to read the code.

• Syntax refers to a concept in writing code dealing with a very specific set of words and

a very specific order to those words when we give the computer instructions. This

order and this strict structure is what enables us to communicate effectively with a

computer.

• Syntax is to code, like grammar is to English or any other language. A big difference

though is that computers are really exacting in how we structure that grammar or our

syntax.
 SYNTAX

• This syntax is why we call programming coding. Even amongst all the different languages

that are out there. Each programming language uses different words in a different

structure in how we give it information to get the computer to follow our instructions.

• Web developers primarily focus on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. That is what we’re going

to focus on in this course as well. By focusing on these languages and mastering them,

you’ll be able to write websites that can be opened by any browser in the world.
 DATA STRUCTURES
• .

• "Data + structures" says it all. A data structure structures the data. It is a storage unit
that organizes and stores data in a way the programmer can easily access.

• In the real world, a programmer/ coder's work involves huge amounts of data.
Analyzing and using the data is made easy for the programmer when it is arranged the
right way. Apart from organizing the data, Data structures also makes processing and
accessing the data easy.
DATA STRUCTURES
PROGRAM FLOW

• The flow of a program is a result of decision-making statements that decide what

direction the program will go based on the derived scenario.

• Three types of control flow:

• Sequential - It follows the linear execution of statements, i.e., one after the other

• Selection - A test condition selects what action to perform based on the result of
the test as true or false.

• Iteration - A statement or a block of code is run repeatedly till the test condition
remains true, thus forming a loop.
PROGRAM FLOW

Debugging - Locating errors and rectifying them is a bottom-line activity that makes the
code written to produce the desired result. Various tools and techniques are used for
locating errors to save time and effort.
 DATA FILE

• A data file is any file containing information, but not code.

• it is only meant to be read or viewed and not executed.

• For example, web page, a letter you write in a word processor, and a text file are all

considered data files.

• Programs may also rely on data files to get information.

• For instance, a data file may contain the settings of a program that tell the program

how to display information.

HANDLING THE HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA

• Whenever a program requires a large size of data, it can be very tedious and time
taking to enter that data.

• However, if we pass that data into a data file, it will become very suitable for the
programmer to use that data in the program. It is possible because of the accessibility
of the contents of the data file using read commands in programming languages.

• The only condition is that the data should already be present in a data file, and from
that data file, the programmer can easily use fragments of data
 DATA TRANSMISSION
• Transferring data from one computer to another is a ubiquitous example of data transmission,
but the data produced by a program cannot be transferred. It can only be

• transmitted by converting the data into a data file and then transferring the data file to

• another computer. The data transmitted by datafile will be unaltered while transferring, i.e., it
will not be affected by the future changes made by the program unless the programmer
explicitly changes the data.
 APP AND WEB DEVELOPMENT
• We all know that App Development uses XML for Designing the app, Whereas Web
development uses HTML. Whenever we load a web page or an app screen, a data file is
created in the background, storing the data about the design and how that design is
implemented.

Hidden Datafiles

• Sometimes a programmer requires to store some data which should be hidden from
the user to prevent the user from corrupting or tampering with the data. This is
accomplished by using closed datafiles format or proprietary format files. Here
datafiles contain metadata (Data about Data) elements according to the preferences of
a programmer.
MANAGEMENT OF DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS IN
ORGANIZATIONS
• Data Conversion- Transforming data into a format that can be processed.