Python Program Flow Control Conditional blocks

Unit -2
 Content

• Conditional Statements:
• if statement
• if-else statement
• Nested-if statement
• elif statements
• Purpose and working of loops
• While loop, for loop
• else with loop statement
• Selecting an appropriate loop
• Nested Loops
• break
• continue and pass statement.
 Why use conditional statements? (CO2)

• A conditional statement is used to determine whether a

certain condition exists before code is executed.
• Conditional statements can help improve the efficiency of
your code by providing you with the ability to control the flow
of your code, such as when or how code is executed.
• This can be very useful for checking whether a certain
condition exists before the code begins to execute, as you
may want to only execute certain code lines when certain
conditions are met.
 Conditional Statements (Decision Making) (CO2)

• Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while

execution of the program and specifying actions taken
according to the conditions.
• Conditional Statements are features of a programming
language, which perform different computations or actions
depending on whether the given condition evaluates to true
or false.
 Types of Conditional Statements (CO2)

• There are following four types of conditional statements in

Python-

if statement
if else statement
if elif statement
Nested if else
 if Statement (CO2)

• if Statement is used to run a statement conditionally i.e. if

given condition is true then only the statement given in if
block will be executed.
• An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed by
one or more statements.
• Syntax: if Boolean Expression:
Statements

• Example: age = int(input("Enter your age in years: "))

if age >= 18:
print("You can VOTE")
print("Congrats!“)
if Statement flowchart (CO2)

Boolean
False
expression
(Condition)

True

Statements

Statement-x
 Important points about if Statement (CO2)

• The colon (:) is significant and required. It separates

the header of the compound statement from the body.
• The line after the colon must be indented. It is standard in
Python to use four spaces for indenting.
• All lines indented the same amount after the colon will be
executed whenever the Boolean expression is true.
 if else Statement (CO2)

• An if statement can be followed by an optional else

statement, which executes when the Boolean expression is
FALSE.
• Syntax: if Boolean Expression:
Statement-A
else:
Statement-B

• Example: percentage = int(input("Enter your percentage: "))

if percentage > 33:
print("PASS")
else:
print("FAIL")
if else Statement (CO2)
 if else Statement flow chart (CO2)

Boolean
expression
True False
(Condition)

Statement-A Statement-B

Statement-x
 if elif Statement (CO2)

• The if elif statement allows you to check multiple expressions

for TRUE and execute a block of code as soon as one of the
conditions evaluates to TRUE.
• Unlike else, for which there can be at most one statement,
there can be an arbitrary number of elif statements following
an if.
if Boolean Expression1:
• Syntax:
Statement-A
elif Boolean Expression2:
Statement-B
elif Boolean Expression3:
Statement-C
else:
Statement-D
 if elif Statement flow chart (CO2)

Boolean True
Expression-1 statement-A

False

Boolean True
statement-B
Expression-2
False

Boolean True
statement-C
Expression-2
False

statement-D

statement-X
 if elif Statement Example (CO2)

percentage = int(input("Enter your percentage: "))

if percentage >= 90:
print("Grade A")
elif percentage >= 80:
print("Grade B")
elif percentage >= 70:
print("Grade C")
elif percentage >= 60:
print("Grade D")
elif percentage >= 50:
print("Grade E")
else:
print("Fail")
 Nested if else Statement (CO2)

• One conditional can also be nested within another.

• You can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else.
• Syntax:
if Boolean Expression1:
Statement-A
else:
if Boolean Expression-2:
Statement-B
else:
Statement-C
 Nested if else Statement (CO2)

Boolean True
Statement-A
expression-1

False

Boolean True
expression-1
Statement-B

False

Statement-C

Statement-X
 Nested if else Statement Example (CO2)

a = int(input("Enter first Number"))

b = int(input("Enter Second Number"))
c = int(input("Enter third Number"))
if a > b:
if a > c:
print(a, "is greatest")
else:
print(b, "is greatest")
else:
if b > c:
print(b, "is greatest")
else:
print(c, "is greatest")
 Daily Quiz

• What does the following code print to the console?

if 5 > 10:
print("fan")
elif 8 != 9:
print("glass")
else:
print(“table")
Output: glass
 Daily Quiz

• What does the following code print to the console?

if True:
print(101)
else:
print(202)
Output: 101
• What does the following code print to the console?
if 1:
print(“It if True")
else:
print(“It is False")
Output: It is True
 Daily Quiz

• In Python, a decision can be made by using if else statement.

a) True
b) False
Output: True

• Checking multiple conditions in Python requires elif

statements.
a) True
b) False
Output: True
 Weekly Assignment

• Write short note on Conditional statement.

• Write a Python program to check whether a number
is divisible by 7 and multiple of 5 or not.
• Write a Python program to find smallest number
among three numbers using nested if else
statement.
• Write a Python program to check whether a year is a
leap year or not.
 Weekly Assignment

• Is it necessary for every if block to be accompanied

with an else block? Justify your answer with an
example (program).
• Write a program to implement arithmetic calculator
using elif.
• Write a program to illustrate the use of nested if
statement.
• Write a program to determine whether a digit,
uppercase or lower case is entered. What happens
when an else clause is associated with a loop.
 MCQ s

• What is the output of the following if statement

a, b = 12, 5
if a + b:
print('True')
else:
print('False')

• if -3 will evaluate to -
a) True
b) False
 MCQ s

• What does the following Python program display?

x=3
if ( x == 0 ):
print (“Hey”),
elif ( x == 3 ):
print (“Hello”)
else:
print(“Hi”)
print (“NIET”)
a) Hey
b) Hello
c) Hi
d) Hello NIET
 Old Question Papers

• Explain all conditional statements in python using small code

example. [AKTU 2019-20 (Odd) Marks-10]
 Expected Questions for University Exam

• Write python program to check if a given year is a leap year

or not.
• Explain all conditional statements in python using small code
example.
• Write a python program to find largest number among three
numbers.
• Write a python program that accept percentage from user
and print the grade obtained.
– >=80 then print grade A
– 60-80 then print grade B
– 45-60 then print grade C
– less than 45 then print Fail
 Summary

It helps us in writing small conditional

programs.
 Why use loop statements? (CO2)

• Program statements are executed sequentially one after

another.
• In some situations, a block of code needs to be executed
multiple times.
• To achieve this, we use looping statements in Python
programming.
 Python Loops (CO2)

• Loops allow the execution of statement of a group of

statement multiple times.
• In order to enter the loop there are certain conditions.
• Once the condition becomes false, the loop stops and the
control moves out of loop.
 Types of Python Loops (CO2)

while loop statement

for in loop statement
Nested loop statement
while Loop (CO2)
 while Loop (CO2)

• A while loop statement in Python programming language

repeatedly execute a target statement as long as a given
condition is true.
• Syntax:

while Expression:
Statements
while flowchart (CO2)

Entry

Test False
expression

True

Statements
(while loop body)

Exit loop
Program to find the sum of first n natural numbers (CO2)

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

sum_n = 0
while num > 0:
sum_n = sum_n + num
num = num - 1
print("The Sum is: ", sum_n)

Output:
Enter a number: 4
The sum is: 10
 for in Loop (CO2)

• for loop is a Python loop which repeats a group of statements

a specified number of times.
• The for loop provides the syntax where the following
information is provided.
– Boolean condition
– The initial value of counting variable.
– Updation of counting variable.
• Syntax:
for value in sequence:
Statements
 Important points about “for in” loop syntax (CO2)

• Here, value is the variable that takes the value of the item
inside the sequence on each iteration.
• Loop continues until we reach the last item in the sequence.
• The body of for loop is separated from the rest of the code
using indentation.
“for in” loop flowchart (CO2)
for each item
in sequence

Last item Yes

reached?

No

Statements
(while loop body)

Exit loop
Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list (CO2)

numbers = [10, 20, 5, 15, 25, 35, 30]

sum_num = 0
for val in numbers:
sum_num = sum_num + val
print("The sum of numbers is:", sum_num)

Output:
The sum of numbers is: 140
 range() function (CO2)

• We can generate a sequence of numbers using range()

function.
• range(10) will generate numbers from 0 to 9 (10 numbers).
• range() function returns the list, all the operations that can be
applied on the list can be used on it.
• We can also define the start, stop and step size as
– range(start, stop, step_size).
– step_size defaults to 1 if not provided.
 Example of range() function (CO2)

for i in range(0, 100, 25):

print(i)

Output:
0
25
50
75
 Nested Loops (CO2)

• Python programming language allows to use one loop inside

another loop.
• Syntax:

for value1 in sequence:

for value2 in sequence:
statements(s)
statements(s)
 Nested loop Example (CO2)

for i in range(1, 5):

for j in range(i):
print(i, end=" ")
print()

Output:
1
22
333
4444
 Program to print all prime numbers from a list (CO2)

n = [2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 25, 27, 31]

for x in n:
i = 1;
flag = 0
while i <= x:
if x % i == 0:
flag = flag + 1
i = i + 1;
if flag == 2:
print(x)

Output: 2 5 11 31
 break statement (CO2)

• The break statement is used to exit a for or a while loop.

• The purpose of this statement is to end the execution of the
loop (for or while) immediately and the program control goes
to the statement after the last statement of the loop.
• If there is an optional else statement in while or for loop it
skips the optional clause also.
• Syntax:
for variable in sequence:
statement_1
statement_2
if expression3 :
break
 Example of break Statement (CO2)

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
num_sum = 0
count = 0
for x in numbers:
num_sum = num_sum + x
count = count + 1
if count == 5:
break
print("Sum of first ", count, "integers is: ", num_sum)

Output:
Sum of first 5 integers is: 15
 continue statement (CO2)

• The continue statement is used in a while or for loop to take

the control to the top of the loop without executing the rest
statements inside the loop.
• Syntax:
for variable in sequence:
statement_1
statement_2
if expression3 :
continue
 Example of continue Statement (CO2)

for x in range(7):
if x == 3 or x == 6:
continue
print(x)

Output:
0
1
2
4
5
 Python pass statement (CO2)

• In Python programming, the pass statement is a null

statement.
• The difference between a comment and a pass statement in
Python is that while the interpreter ignores a comment
entirely, pass is not ignored.
• However, nothing happens when the pass is executed. It
results in no operation.
• Syntax: if Boolean expression :
pass
else:
Statements
 Example of continue Statement (CO2)

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if number is 2:
pass
else:
print("Number is: ", number)

Output:
Number is: 5
 Expression Evaluation (CO2)

• An expression is a combination of values, variables, and

operators.
• If you type an expression on the command line, the
interpreter evaluates it and displays the result
• The evaluation of an expression produces a value, which is
why expressions can appear on the right hand side of
assignment statements.
• Evaluating an expression is not quite the same thing as
printing a value.
• When the Python shell displays the value of an expression, it
uses the same format you would use to enter a value.
 Example of Expression Evaluation (CO2)

a = 20
b = 10
c =a+b–5
print(c)

Output:
25
 Float Representation in Python (CO2)

• The float type in Python represents the floating point

number.
• Float is used to represent real numbers and is written with a
decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts.
• For example, 97.98, 32.3+e18, -32.54e100 all are floating
point numbers.
 Float Representation in Python (CO2)

• Python float values are represented as 64-bit double-

precision values.
• The maximum value any floating-point number can be is
approx 1.8 x 10308.
• Any number greater than this will be indicated by the
string inf in Python.

print(1.7e308)
# greater than 1.8 * 10^308 will
print 'inf'
print(1.82e308)
 Float Representation in Python (CO2)

• float.as_integer_ratio(): Returns a pair of integers whose

ratio is exactly equal to the actual float having a positive
denominator.
• In case of infinites, it raises overflow error and value errors on
Not a number (NaNs).

b = 3.5
d = b.as_integer_ratio()
print(d[0], "/", d[1]) Output:
7/2
 Float Representation in Python (CO2)

• float.is_integer() : Returns True in case the float instance is

finite with integral value, else, False.

print((-5.0).is_integer())
print((4.8).is_integer())
print(float.is_integer(275.0))

Output:
True
False
True
 Float Representation in Python (CO2)

• float.hex(): Returns a representation of a floating-point

number as a hexadecimal string.

a = float.hex(35.0)
print(a)

Output:
0x1.1800000000000p+5
 Daily Quiz

• What is the output of the following?

i=2
while True:
if i % 3 == 0:
break
print(i)
i += 2
Output: 2
4
 Daily Quiz

• What is the output of the following?

x = "abcd"
for i in x:
print(i.upper(), end=" ")
Output: A B C D

• How many times the following loop will run?

for i in range(-3):
print(i)
Output: 0 times
 Weekly Assignment

• Write short note on loop statement.

• Write a Python program to find the factorial of a number.
• Write a Python program to find and print the prime numbers
in the following list.
numbers = [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 20]
• Differentiate between break and continue statement in
Python.
• Write a Python program to find the product of all numbers of
a list.
 Weekly Assignment

• Write a program to find sum and reverse of digits in a number

entered by the user(both within same loop).
• Write a program to find sum of terms of a Fibonacci series
upto n terms.
• Write a program to find sum of all prime numbers and
composite numbers separately within a given range.
• Write Programs to print following patterns.
a. * b. * c. * d. *
** ** *** ***
*** *** ***** *****
**** **** ******* ***
*

e.***** f. ***** g. h.
********** *********
**** **** * * *
*** *** * * *
** ** * *
* * **
* * ********** **
*
 MCQ s

• How many times following loop will run.

for i in [1, 2, 3]:
a) 0
b) 1
c) 3
d) 2
• for loop in python works on –
a) range
b) iteration
c) Both the above
d) None of above
 MCQ s

• To break the infinite loop, which keyword is used in python?

a) break
b) exit
c) continue
d) None of above

• What will be the final value of i after

for i in range(3):
a) 1
b) 2
c) 0
d) 3
 Old Question Papers

• Explain the purpose and working of loops. Discuss break and continue with
example. Write a python program to convert time from 12-hour format to
24-hour format. [AKTU 2019-20 (Odd) Marks-10]
• Write Python code to find the factorial of a number.
• Write Python program to convert uppercase letter to lowercase and vice
versaExplain the purpose and working of loops. Discuss Break and continue.
Write Python Programs to print following patterns.
1 *
010 ***
10101 *****
0101010 *******
 Expected Questions for University Exam

• Write python program to find the factorial of a number.

• Write a program to print all prime numbers between a range.
• Explain all looping statements in python using small code
example.
• Differentiate between break and continue. Write a python
program to show the use of break and continue statement.
 Summary

It helps us in writing iterational programs.

It helps us in understanding the concept of

break and continue.