Computer Arc - Organization

ECE 3143: -
Computer Architecture and

Organization
1
Organization and architecture
Why we study computer organization and

architecture?
– Evaluate computer system performance.
– Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs.
– Design better programs, including system
software such as compilers, and operating
systems.
2
Organization and…cont’d
• Computer architecture
– Functional operation of the individual HW units within a
computer system.
– Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the
programmer.
• E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types,
addressing modes.
– How do I design a computer?
– The structures of a computer family not the specific
implementation, just like the architecture of a house might
be described as Victorian, villa, etc.
3
• Computer organization
– The internal arrangements of a computers, or how
features are implemented.
– Ways in which these components are interconnected
– Includes all physical aspects of computer systems.
• E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types.
– How does a computer work?
4
Example, Including multiply instruction
• It is an architectural design issue whether a computer will
have a multiply instruction.
• It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be

implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism
that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system.
• The organizational decision may be based on the predicted

frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the relative
speed of the two approaches, and the cost and physical
size of a special multiply unit.
5
Structure and Function
• A computer is a complex system; contain millions of electronic

components. How, then, can one clearly describe them?
• Structure
– The way in which components relate

to each other
• Function
– The operation of individual

components as part of the structure
6
Function
A computer can perform
four basic functions:
● Data processing
● Data storage
● Data movement
● Control
7
Operations(a) Operations(b)
Data movement Data storage
• It can also function as a data storage

• The computer as a data movement device.
device.  Data transferred from the external
 simply transferring data from environment to computer storage
one peripheral or (read) and vice versa (write).
communication line to another. 8
Operations(c) Operations (d)
Data movement Control
• Data processing, on data in storage • Between storage and the external

environment
9
The internal structure of a computer
 CPU – controls the operation and

performs its data processing.
 Main Memory – stores data
 I/O – moves data between the

computer and its external
environment
 System Interconnection – some

mechanism that provides
communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O
10
CPU
• Control Unit
Major structural components:
– Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
– Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

– Performs the computer’s data
processing function
– Registers
– Provide storage internal to the CPU
– CPU Interconnection
– Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers
11
COMPUTER EVOLUTION
• The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945
- 1953)
– Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC)
– Solved systems of linear equations.
– The ENIAC was the first general-purpose computer.
• Shorten a computational time from 20hrs to
30secs of pascal.
• impractical because the vacuum tubes would
burn out frequently.
12
13
ENIAC
ENIAC ……cont’d
• On the ENIAC, all programming was done at

the digital logic level.
• Programming the computer involved moving
plugs and wires.
Configuring the ENIAC to solve a “simple” problem

required many days labor by skilled technicians.
15
The von Neumann Model
• Stored Program concept
• Main memory storing
programs and data
• Control unit interpreting
instructions from memory
and executing
• These computers employ

a fetch-decode-execute
cycle to run programs as
follows . . .
16
• The control unit fetches the next instruction from memory using
the program counter to determine where the instruction is located.
17
• The instruction is decoded into a language that the ALU

can understand.
18
• Any data operands required to execute the instruction

are fetched from memory and placed into registers within
the CPU.
19
• The ALU executes the instruction and places results in

registers or memory.
20
Evolution cont’d
• The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers

(1954 - 1965)
– CDC 6600 the world first computer

– 10 million instructins/sec = 10MHZ
– 128kilowords of main memory
• $10 million
21
Evolution cont’d
• The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit
Computers (1965 - 1980)
• Small scale integration (SSI), Medium scale integration
(MSI)- Large scale integration (LSI)
• 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
 CDC 6600 version – Cray-1 produced

 Execute 160 million ins/sec = 160 MHZ
 8MB of memory
 $ 8.8million
22
Evolution cont’d
• The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980

- ????)
– Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have more
than 100,000 components per chip.
– Enabled the creation of microprocessors.

• Versions, such as the 8080, 8086, and 8088 produced
the idea of “personal computing.”
– home computing
23

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ECE 3143: -

Computer Architecture and

Why we study computer organization and

– How does a computer work?

• It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be

• The organizational decision may be based on the predicted

• A computer is a complex system; contain millions of electronic

– The way in which components relate

– The operation of individual

• It can also function as a data storage

• Data processing, on data in storage • Between storage and the external

 CPU – controls the operation and

 Main Memory – stores data

 I/O – moves data between the

 System Interconnection – some

– Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

• On the ENIAC, all programming was done at

Configuring the ENIAC to solve a “simple” problem

• These computers employ

• The instruction is decoded into a language that the ALU

• Any data operands required to execute the instruction

• The ALU executes the instruction and places results in

• The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers

– CDC 6600 the world first computer

 CDC 6600 version – Cray-1 produced

• The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980

– Enabled the creation of microprocessors.

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