Module 5
Module 5
ELECTRIC
ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Fundamental of Electrical Engineering [ 21 ELE14 ]
Introduction:
• Energy is one of the major parts of the economic infrastructure, being the basic
input needed to sustain economic growth. There exists a strong relationship
between economic development and energy consumption.
• The more developed is a country, the higher is the per capita of energy consumption
and vice-versa. Human civilization relies on different sources of energy.
• The two major sources of energy can be classified under:
• Conventional Energy Resources
• Non-Conventional Energy Resources
Classification of
Energy
Resources
Basic Structure and its Principle of
Different Power Plant
• A generating station which utilises the potential energy of water at a high level
for the generation of electrical energy is known as a hydro-electric power
station.
• Hydro-electric power stations are generally located in hilly areas where dams
Hydro can be built conveniently and large water reservoirs can be obtained.
• In a hydro-electric power station, water head is created by constructing a dam
Power
across a river or lake. From the dam, water is led to a water turbine.
• The water turbine captures the energy in the falling water and changes the
hydraulic energy (i.e., product of head and flow of water) into mechanical
Plant
energy at the turbine shaft.
• The turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Hydro-electric power stations are becoming very popular
because the reserves of fuels (i.e., coal and oil) are depleting day by day. They
have the added importance for flood control, storage of water for irrigation and
water for drinking purposes.
Schematic Arrangement of Hydro-electric Power Station
Although a hydro-electric power station simply involves the conversion
of hydraulic energy into electrical energy, yet it embraces many
arrangements for proper working and efficiency.
of Hydro- The dam is constructed across a river or lake and water from the
electric Power catchment area collects at the back of the dam to form a reservoir.
Station A pressure tunnel is taken off from the reservoir and water brought to
the valve house at the start of the penstock.
The valve house contains main sluice valves and automatic isolating
valves
The former controls the water flow to the power house and the latter cuts off supply of
water when the penstock bursts.
From the valve house, water is taken to water turbine through a huge steel pipe known
Schematic as penstock.
Arrangement
of Hydro- The water turbine converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
electric Power
Station The turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
A surge tank (open from top) is built just before the valve house and protects the
penstock from bursting in case the turbine gates close, there is a sudden stopping of
water at the lower end of the penstock and consequently the penstock can
Advantages
It requires high cost of transmission lines as the plant is located in hilly areas
which are quite away from the consumers.
A generating station which converts heat energy of coal
combustion into electrical energy is known as a steam power
Thermal station.
This type of power station is suitable where coal and water are
available in abundance and a large amount of electric power is to
be generated.
Schematic
Arrangement of
Steam Power
Station
Schematic Arrangement of Steam Power Station
power • The coal can be transported to the site of the plant by rail or
road.
plant
• It requires less space as compared to the hydroelectric power
station.
• The cost of generation is lesser than that of the diesel power
station.
• Disadvantages
• It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large
amount of smoke and fumes.
• It is costlier in running cost as compared to hydroelectric
plant.
Solar Needless to say that the Sun is the biggest source of renewable
energy for the Earth.
Power The fact is that even though the earth receives only a part of the
energy generated by the Sun (i.e. Solar energy), that part of solar
energy is also tremendously huge.
Plant The Earth receives solar energy in the form of light and heat. But
in today's world, the words 'power' and 'energy' are leaned more
towards 'electricity.
Photovoltaics When certain materials are exposed to light, they absorb photons and release free
(PV) electrons. This phenomenon is called as the photoelectric effect.
Based on the principle of photovoltaic effect, solar cells or photovoltaic cells are
made. They convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity.
But, a single photovoltaic cell does not produce enough amount of electricity.
Therefore, a number of photovoltaic cells are mounted on a supporting frame and are
electrically connected to each other to form a photovoltaic module or solar panel.
Photovoltaics Commonly available solar panels range from several hundred watts (say 100 watts) up
to few kilowatts (ever heard of a 5kW solar panel?).
(PV) They are available in different sizes and different price ranges. Solar panels or modules
are designed to supply electric power at a certain voltage (say 12 V), but the current
they produce is directly dependent on the incident light.
But, for most of the times we require AC power and, hence, solar power
system consists of an inverter too.
PV direct systems: These systems supply the load only
when the Sun is shining. There is no storage of power
generated and, hence, batteries are absent. An inverter may
or may not be used depending on the type of load.
Power production is
quite low as compared
There is a problem if it Their production
to nuclear or other
is cloudy for few days. causes pollution.
resources to produce
power.
Solar Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
• Most clean and renewable source of energy. • It requires a lot of land to be captured forever.
• It is available in abundance and endless. • Initial cost of installation is too high.
• The energy storage options are not efficient
• It provides electricity at low cost, as fuel is
free.
and moreover costly if efficient.
• Power production is quite low as compared to
• Keeping in mind the pollution and cost of
nuclear or other resources to produce power.
fossil fuel, it’s becoming the most reliable
• There is a problem if it is cloudy for few
source of clean energy.
days.
• Their production causes pollution.
Solar Power Plant
Grid connected
Application of Solar Solar panels on
Solar water pumps Solar vehicle photovoltaic power
cell systems: spacecraft
systems
Telecommunications
Cathodic protection Remote lighting
Electric fences and remote Rural electrification
systems systems
monitoring systems
Water treatment
systems
Sun is the main source of wind, and hence, wind is
considered as a form of solar energy. Winds are
Wind caused by the
Plant
2. the irregularities of the earth’s surface
Wind •Wind turbine convert the kinetic energy of the wind into the
mechanical power.
Plant electricity.
•In developing countries, wind power can play a useful role for
water supply and irrigation (wind pumps) and electrical
generation (wind generators).
•The shaft of wind mill is connected to the shaft of the armature
of the generator. When the fast moving wind rotates the blades
of windmill its shaft rotates, armature rotates and hence,
electricity is produced which is further used for various
purposes.
Wind Power Plant
Wind Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
• Wind energy is far more ecofriendly than the burning of • Wind energy requires expensive storage during peak
fossil fuels for electricity. production time.
• Wind energy don't produce atmospheric emissions that • It is unreliable energy source as winds are uncertain and
unpredictable.
cause acid rain, smog, or greenhouse gases.
• Requires large open areas for setting up wind farms.
• Wind Energy is an inexhaustible source of energy and is
• Noise pollution problem is usually associated with wind mills.
virtually a limitless resource.
• Wind energy can be harnessed only in those areas where wind
• Energy is generated without polluting environment.
is strong enough and weather is windy for most parts of the
• This source of energy has tremendous potential to year.
generate energy on large scale. • Usually places, where wind power set-up is situated, are away
• Like solar energy and hydropower, wind power taps a from the places where demand of power
natural physical resource.
Typical Structure
of Electric Supply
Systems
Typical Structure of Electric Supply
Systems
• The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers premises is known as
electric supply system.
• An electric supply system consists of three principal components viz., the power station, the
transmission lines and the distribution system.
• Electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at favorable places, generally
quite away from the consumers.
• It is then transmitted over large distances to load centres with the help of conductors known as
transmission lines.
• Finally, it is distributed to a large number of small and big consumers through a distribution
network.
Typical Structure of Electric Supply
Systems
• The electric supply system can be broadly classified into d.c. or a.c. system
• overhead or underground system.
• Now-a- days, 3-phase, 3-wire a.c. system is universally adopted for generation and
transmission of electric power as an economical proposition.
• However, distribution of electric power is done by 3-phase, 4-wire a.c. system. The
underground system is more expensive than the overhead system.
• Therefore, in our country, overhead system is mostly adopted for transmission and
distribution of electric power.
Typical AC Power System Scheme
Typical AC Power System
Scheme
The large network of conductors between the power station
and the consumers can be broadly divided into two parts viz.,
transmission system and distribution system.
It may appear advisable to use the highest possible voltage for transmission of
electric power to save conductor material and have other advantages.
The 11 kV lines run along the important road sides of the city. This forms the primary
Typical AC distribution. It may be noted that big consumers (having demand more than 50 kW) are
generally supplied power at 11 kV for further handling with their own sub-stations.
Power Secondary distribution: The electric power from primary distribution line (11 kV) is
delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS).
Supply
Scheme These sub-stations are located near the consumers’ localities and step down the voltage
to 400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution.
The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is
230 V. The single-phase residential lighting load is connected between any one phase
and neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase lines
directly.
All-electric vehicles (EVs), also referred to as battery
electric vehicles, have an electric motor instead of an
internal combustion engine.
Electric
The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power
Vehicle the electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall
outlet or charging equipment, also called electric
(EV) vehicle supply equipment (EVSE).
1. An electric motor.
2. A controller.
3. A rechargeable battery.
Description of an Electric Vehicle
• The electric motor gets its power from a controller and the
controller gets its power from a rechargeable battery.
• The electric vehicle operates on an electric/current principle. It uses
a battery pack (batteries) to provide power for the electric motor.
• The motor then uses the power (voltage) received from the batteries
to rotate a transmission and the transmission turns the wheels
• Four main parts make up the electric vehicle: the potentiometer,
Description of an batteries, direct current (DC) controller, and motor.
Electric Vehicle
Potentiometer. It is circular in shape and it
is hooked to the accelerator pedal. The
potentiometer, also called the variable
Description resistor, provides the signal that tells the
controller how much power is it supposed to
of Parts and deliver.
their
Functions Batteries. The batteries provide power for
the controller. Three types of batteries: lead-
acid, lithium ion, and nickel-metal hydride
batteries. Batteries range in voltage (power).
DC Controller. The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to
the motor. The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full
power (when the driver floors the accelerator pedal), or any power level in
between. If the battery pack contains twelve 12-volt batteries, wired in series to
Description create 144 volts, the controller takes in 144 volts direct current, and delivers it to
the motor in a controlled way.
of Parts and The controller reads the setting of the accelerator pedal from the two
potentiometers and regulates the power accordingly. If the accelerator pedal is 25
their percent of the way down, the controller pulses the power so it is on 25 percent of
the time and off 75 percent of the time. If the signals of both potentiometers are
not equal, the controller will not operate.
Functions
Motor. The motor receives power from the controller and turns a transmission.
The transmission then turns the wheels, causing the vehicle to run.
Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive
vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides electricity to
power vehicle accessories.
Key
Components Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to
of an All- connect to an external power supply in order to charge
the traction battery pack.
Electric Car
DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage
DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-
voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories
and recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric traction motor: Using power from the
traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's
wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that
Key perform both the drive and regeneration functions.
Components
of an All- Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity
supplied via the charge port and converts it to DC
Electric Car power for charging the traction battery. It also
communicates with the charging equipment and
monitors battery characteristics such as voltage,
current, temperature, and state of charge while
charging the pack.
Power electronics controller: This unit
manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling
the speed of the electric traction motor and
Key the torque it produces.
Components
of an All-
Electric Car Thermal system (cooling): This system
maintains a proper operating temperature
range of the engine, electric motor, power
electronics, and other components.
Traction battery pack: Stores
electricity for use by the electric
Key traction motor.
Components
of an All- Transmission (electric): The
Electric Car transmission transfers mechanical
power from the electric traction motor
to drive the wheels.
Concept of Earthing Systems
• To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by blowing a fuse
i.e. To provide an alternative path for the fault current to flow so that it will not
endanger the user
• To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault conditions ie. To
ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
• To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
• To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipments i.e.
To maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so
as to prevent over current or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .
• To provide protection against static electricity from friction
Electric shock
• When a high voltage such as 13,800V is
involved the body is literally cooked and at
times explodes
Methods of Earthing
Plate Earthing
Pipe Earthing
Rod Earthing
Strip Earthing
Earthing through
Water Mains
Earthing Electrode
The resistance of a ground
electrode has 3 basic
components:
A) The resistance of the ground
electrode itself and the connections
to the electrode.
B) The contact resistance of the
surrounding earth to the electrode.
C) The resistance of the surrounding
body of earth around the ground
Electrode. It consist of three basic components:
1. Earth Wire
2. Connector
3. Electrode
(1)Plate Earthing
• In this type of earthing plate either of copper or of G.I. is buried into the
ground at a depth of not less than 3 meter from the ground level.
• The earth plate is embedded in alternative layer of coke and salts for a
minimum thickness of about 15cm.
• The earth wire(copper wire for copper plate earthing and G.I. wire for
G.I. plate earthing) is securely bolted to an earth plate with the help of
bolt nut and washer made of copper, in case of copper plate earthing and
of G.I. in case of G.I. plate earthing.
PLATE EARTHING
(2)Pipe earthing
• Pipe earthing is best form of earthing and it is cheap also in this system of earthing a GI
pipe of 38 mm dia and 2meters length is embedded vertically in ground to work as earth
electrod but the depth depend upon the soil conditions, there is no hard and fast rule for
this.
• But the wire is embedded upto the wet soil.
• The earth wire are fastened to the top section of the pipe with nut and bolts.
• The pit area arround the GI pipe filled with salt and coal mixture for improving the soil
conditions and efficiency of the earthing system.
• It can take heavy leakage current for the same electrode size in comparison to plate
earthing.
• The earth wire connection with GI pipes being above the ground level can be checked for
carrying out continuity test as and when desired, while in plate earthing it is difficult.
• In summmer season to have an effective earthing three or four bucket of water is put
through the funnel for better continuity of earthing.
PIPE EARTHING
(3)ROD EARTHING
• In this system of earthing strip electrod of cross section not less than 25mm into
1.6mm of copper or 25mm * 4mm of GI or steel are burried in horizontal trenches
of minimum depth of 0.5m
• If round conductor are used their cross sectional area shall not be smaller than
three if copper is used and 6mm2 if GI or steel is used.
• The length of burried conductor shall be sufficient to give the required earth
resistance (about 0.5Ωto 1.5Ω)
• It shall however be not less than 15 m
• The electrod shall be as widely distributed as possible in a single straight or
circular trenches radiating from a point
• This type of earthing is used in rockey soil earth bed because at such places
excavation work for plate earthing is difficult
THANK YOU