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HTML Notes

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and is used to define the structure and layout of a web page. HTML documents contain tags that indicate how the content should be displayed in a web browser. Basic HTML tags are used to structure content into headings, paragraphs, lists and define text styling through bold, italics and other formatting.

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Tsering Youdon
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46 views

HTML Notes

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and is used to define the structure and layout of a web page. HTML documents contain tags that indicate how the content should be displayed in a web browser. Basic HTML tags are used to structure content into headings, paragraphs, lists and define text styling through bold, italics and other formatting.

Uploaded by

Tsering Youdon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HTML

BASIC
What is HTML?

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.


 HTML is document contains text.
 Web browsers read and display document that contain HTML.
• <>Angle brackets contain tag.
• <BODY>Something inside here</BODY>-
Markup Tag/Element.
Requirements for HTML
• Hardware
Desktop/Laptop/Smartphone
• Software
1. Text editor
We use a plain text editor (like Notepad) to edit HTML.
2. Web Browser
To read and display HTML document.
Basic Structure of HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Information of web page</title
</head>
<body>
content display on browser
</body>
</html>
Basic Structure of HTML
HTML Tags

• HTML tags are commands/keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <HTML>.


• It tell browser what content to display and how to display the content.
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <P> and </P>.
• The End tag is similar to the Start Tag, except that it has a forward slash before the tag
name.(</P>)
• Start and End tags are also called Opening and Closing Tags respectively.
iPhone SE (2020)
• Attribute: Is a special word used inside tag to specify additional
information to tag such as color.
HTML Tags

• The tags are of two types


1. Container Tag/ Element: It requires a starting as well as an ending tag.
e.g. <HTML>…………….</HTML>
<TITLE>……………</TITLE>
2. Empty Tag/ Element: It requires just a starting tag and not an ending
tag.
e.g. <BR>, <HR>,<IMG>
1. <HTML> Tag attributes

Attribute name Description Value Example

DIR Direction of text Ltr (left to right) <html dir=rtl>


within the entire Rtl (right to left)
document

Lang Language to use in en, fr, de <html lang=fr>


the html document.
2.The BODY tag attributes:

Attribute name Description Value Example

bgcolor Background color of the webpage Color name <body bgcolor=green>

Background To put image instead of colour in Image name and <body background=“hi.jpg”>
the webpage extension

text Colour of text Color name <body text=green>


link To mention link colour. Color name <body link=red>

vlink Visited link color Color name <body vlink=green>

Alink Active link color Color name <body alink=yellow>

Leftmargin / blank area left from the edge of In pixel <body leftmargin=80>
Topmargin webpage
Text formatting using :
<B>,<U> , <I>,<sub> and <sup> Tags

• <B> -To make text/letter bold. E.g <b>Free Tibet</b> Output: Free Tibet
• <U> -To make text/letter Underline. E.g <u>Free Tibet</u> Output: Free Tibet
• <I> -To make text/letter Italic. E.g <i>Free Tibet</i> Output: Free Tibet
• <sub>-To make text/letter Subscript. E.g H <sub>2 </sub> Output: H2O
• <sup>-To make text/letter Superscript. E.g 1 <sub>st </sup> Output: 1st
OUTPUT/RESULT OF
HTML CODE HTML CODE
3. Text Formatting
• Text formatting tags modify the text between the opening tag and the closing tag
• Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold

<b></b> Bold e.g. <b>Tibet</b> Output: Tibet

<i></i> Italicized e.g <i>Tibet</i> Output: Tibet

<u></u> Underlined e.g <u>Tibet</u> Output: Tibet

<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript e.g 1<sup>st</sup> Output: 1st

<sub></sub> Samplesubscript e.g H<sub>2</sub>O Output: H2O

15
3. HTML HEADINGS
• HTML Headings
• Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
• <h1> defines the largest heading.
• <h6> defines the smallest heading.

• Example
<h1>This is a heading1</h1>
<h2>This is a heading2</h2>
<h3>This is a heading3</h3>
Browsers automatically adds an empty line before and after headings.
BASIC HTML TAGS
• Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>
Attributes of Heading ( Align)
• The alignment can be of LEFT, CENTER and RIGHT values. The default
alignment is LEFT for <H#> tags.
• E.g. <H2 align=center>Level 2 heading</H2>
Text formatting using <P> and <BR> Tags

• The browser does not recognize returns (enter), tabs or even more than one space between letters. You must
tell it when to go the next line.
• Breaking Lines- <BR>
• To simply end one line and jump to the next, use a line break (<BR>). It is an empty tag.
•
• Changing paragraph Alignment <P>- ALIGN attribute
• The text that you type between <P> and </P> tags is by default left aligned. To change its alignment, you
can use ALIGN attribute of <P> tag.
• <P align=alignment>
• Where alignment can be either be LEFT or RIGHT or CENTER.
• E.g. <P align=left>
The text Formatting with <BASEFONT> and <FONT>

1. The <BASEFONT> Tag


Lets you define the basic size for the font.(Text/Letter)
Attribute( size):
The size can have absolute value from 1 to 7. The base font size is increased or
decreased by that relative amount i.e. size=+1 will result into size =5 if the previous
size is set to 4. Ending tag </BASEFONT> is optional.

Each virtual size is successively 20% larger or smaller than the default font size
3.
2. The <FONT> tag:

• The <FONT> tag lets you change the size, style and color of text.
• Attributes:
1. Size: Lets you change the size of text(size =1-7)
e.g. <FONT size=7> Hello</FONT>
2. Color: To change color of the text.
e.g. <font color=red>Free Tibet</font>
3. Face: To change font type of the text you are displaying.
e.g. <font face=”Broadway, Arial, Times new roman”>Save Tibet</font>
Complete example of <font> tag.
<font size=6 color=blue face=“comic san ms”>Free Tibet</font>
Horizontal Rules- <HR> Tag.
• The <HR> tag produces a horizontal line spread across the width of the browser
window.
• Attributes:
1. Size: To set the size(thickness) of horizontal line.
e.g. <hr size=5>
2. Width: The length of horizontal rules can be controlled with width attribute
and value can be given in pixel or percentage.
e.g. <hr width=200> or <hr width=50%>

Default size of horizontal rule is 3 pixels.


3. Color: To set the color for horizontal line/rule.
e.g. <hr color=green>
4. No shade: To make 3D horizontal rules to a flat(2D) rule just add
noshade to <HR>.
e.g. <HR size=36 noshade>
Complete example of <Hr> tag.
<hr size=6 width=80% color=green noshade>
10. Lists.

There are three basic types of lists in HTML.


• Unnumbered /Unordered
• Numbered/Ordered
• Definition
1. Unnumbered or Unordered lists<UL>:
• Are indented lists with a special bullet symbol in front of each item.
• To make an unnumbered/bullet list
• Start with an opening list <UL> (for unnumbered list) tag.
• Enter the <li> (list item) tag followed by the individual item, no closing
</li> tag is needed.
• End the entire list with a closing list </UL> tag.
• Attributes of the unnumbered lists: The by default, a solid circle is used
for the bullets. However, you can change the bullet style using type
attribute.
• The type attribute can contain value:
• Disc (a solid circle)
• Square (a solid square)
• Circle (a hollow circle)
E.g. 1 <UL type=disc> • one
<LI>one
<LI>two
• two OUTPUT
CODE
<LI>three • three
</UL>
E.g. 2 <UL type=circle> oone
<LI>one
<LI>two
otwo OUTPUT
CODE
<LI>three othree
</UL>
E.g. 3 <UL type=square>  one
<LI>one
<LI>two
 two OUTPUT
CODE
<LI>three  three
</UL>
2. Numbered or Ordered lists<OL>:
• Are indented lists that have numbers or letters in front of each
item.
• Attributes of the Numbered Lists:
• The start attribute: The start attribute for the <OL> tag lets you
change the beginning value.
• The type attribute: By default, browsers number ordered list items
with a sequence of Arabic numerical. You can use the type attribute
with the <OL> tag to change the numbering style itself.
The type attribute

Type value General style Sample sequence


A Capital letters A, B, C, D
a Lowercase Letters a,b,c,d
I Capital roman numerals I, II, III, IV
i Lowercase roman numerals i,ii,iii,iv
1 Arabic numerals 1,2,3,4,
E.g. 1
Fruits: Fruits:
<OL type=”A”> A. Apple
OUTPUT
<LI>Apple.
CODE B. Orange
<LI>Orange
C. Mango
<LI>Mango
</OL>
E.g. 2
Fruits: Fruits:
<OL type=”a” start=3>
c. Apple
<LI>Apple. OUTPUT

<LI>Orange
CODE
d. Orange
<LI>Mango e. Mango
</OL>
E.g. 3
Fruits: Fruits:
<OL type=”i” >
i. Apple
<LI>Apple.
<LI>Orange
CODE
ii. Orange OUTPUT

<LI>Mango iii. Mango


</OL>
E.g. 3
Fruits: Fruits:
<OL start=5 >
<LI>Apple.
5. Apple OUTPUT
CODE
<LI>Orange 6. Orange
<LI>Mango
</OL>
7. Mango
3. Definition/Description Lists (<DL>)
• Are indented lists without any bullet symbol or any number in front of each item
and usually consists of alternating a definition term (coded as <DT>) and a
definition description (coded as <DD>).
• E.g. <DL>
HTML CODE Output:
<DT>TCV
TCV
<DD>Tibetan Children’s Village Tibetan Children’s
</DL> Village
11. INSERTING IMAGES:

• You can insert different types image in a web page. Like


• GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
• PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
• Web browsers can display images in your document if they are in above format.
• The image can be insert in a web page by using tag<IMG >
• E.g. <img src=”tashi.jpg”>
The attributes of <img> tag are:

1. The src attribute-to specify image source: It is the value of the image
file’s URL or name of the image.
E.g. <img src=”d:\html\plant.gif”> or <img src=“plant.jpg”>
<img src="https://tibet.net/HHDL.png">
2. The alt attribute-to specify alternate text: The alt attribute specifies
alternative text the browser may show image display is not possible or
disable by the user. <IMG src=”newpic.gif” alt=”This is New Pic”>

The value for the alt attribute is a text string of up to 1024 characters, enclosed
in quotation marks if you include spaces or other punctuation.
3. The align attribute-for image alignment: The HTML standard
specifies five image-alignment attributes values: left, right, top,
middle and bottom.
e.g.<img src=“Tibet.jpg” align=right>
4. The height and width attributes: it specifies the height and
width of the image inserted in the web page.
e.g. <img src=“tibet.jpg" width="500" height="600">
5. The border attribute: it specifies the border to be placed
around the image.
e.g. <img src=”hello.jpg” alt=”hello test” align=right height=300 width=300
border=5>
TABLE
• Table display the data in tabular form. It allows you to arrange
data into rows and columns of cells.

VARIOUS TABLE TAGS


• HTML lets you create tables with the following Table tags:
1.<TABLE> S.NO ROLL NO NAME
2.<CAPTION> 1 1234 TASHI DHONDUP
3.<TR> 2 1235 TENZIN DOLMA
4.<TH>
3 1236 KARMA SONMA
5. <TD>
<table border=1>
<tr>
Table and Code <td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
</tr>
Cell 1 Cell 2
<tr> <tr>
Table
Cell 3 Cell 4 <td> Cell 3</td>
row Cell 5 Cell 6 <td> Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Cell 5</td>
<td> <td> Cell 6</td>
Table data/Cell </tr>
(Cell 1-Cell 6)
</table>
S.NO TAG ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION VALUE EXAMPLE
1 BORDER To specify the thickness of the Must be number e.g <table border=1>
table border. 1,2,
2 WIDTH To set table width Specify width either in <table width=300>
Pixel or Percentage <table width=80%>
<TABLE>
3 BORDERCOLOR To specify the border color of the Color name <table bordercolor=red>
table.
4 BGCOLOR To specify the table background Color name <table bgcolor=green>
color.
5 BACKGROUND To specify an image as the Name and path of the <table
background of the table. image background=“Tibet.jpg”>
6 CELLPADDING Amount of space between the cell Must be any number <table cellpadding=3>
border and the cell content
7 CELLSPACING To specify the amount of space Must be any number <table cellspacing=3>
between two cells.
8 ALIGN To specify the alignment of the Left, Right, Center <table align=center>
table

e.g. <table border=2 bordercolor=red width=80% bgcolor=cyan align=center cellpadding=2


cellspacing=3>
Classwork
Please write the HTML code for the below table.
S.NO ROLL NO NAME

1 1234 TASHI DHONDUP

2 1235 TENZIN DOLMA

3 1236 KARMA SONMA

4 1237 TASHI DOLMA

5 1238 KESANG DIKI


Classwork 1
Please write the HTML code for the below table.
Class Students

VII 70

VIII 60

IX 40

X 32
STUDENT’S NAME FATHER’S NAME MOTHER’S NAME
KARMA TASHI TENZIN SONAM TASHI DOLMA
KALSANG LHAMO TENZIN DHONDUP PHUNTSOK DOLMA
<html>
<head>
<title>Table 2</title>
</head>
Table <body>
<table border=1 width=80%>
<tr bgcolor=yellow>
<th bgcolor=red>Student's Name</th>
<th>Father's Name</th>
<th>Mother's Name</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align=center>Karma Dolma</td>

CODE
<td background="pretty.jpg">Tashi
Tsering</td>
<td>Tenzin Dolma</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Table Revision
• Tags used to create table are
2. <tr>/<td>/<th> attributes
1. <table> attributes • ALIGN
• BORDER • BACKGROUND
• WIDTH • BGCOLOR
• BORDERCOLOR
3. <td>/<th> attributes
• BGCOLOR, • ROWSPAN
• BACKGROUND • COLSPAN
• CELLPADDING • VALIGN
• CELLSPACING
4. <caption>
• ALIGN
3/07/2020
S. TAG ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION VALUE EXAMPLE
N
O
1 ALIGN To specify the content alignment left, center, right, justify <tr align=right>
<TR> of the row/cell <td align=right>
2 BACKGROUND To specify an image as the Name and path of the <tr background=“Tibet.jpg”>
<TD> background of the table image <td background=“Tibet.jpg”>
row/cell.
3 <TH> BGCOLOR To specify the row/cell Color name <tr bgcolor=green>
background color. <td bgcolor=green>
4 ROWSPAN How many rows space Specify the number of <td rowspan=3> SHORT
<TD> span/occupy by a cell. rows occupy by a cell. BREAK </td>
5 COLSPAN How many columns space Specify the number of <td colspan=2> BREAK
<TH> span/occupy by a cell. columns occupy by a </td>
cell.
(Table
6 Header) VALIGN To specify the Vertical Top, middle and bottom. <td rowspan=3
alignment of the data in a cell. valign=middle> Break </td>
7 To define the title or caption for <caption>TIME TABLE</caption>
<CAPTION>
the table
The <TR> Tag : It stands for Table Row. <TR> is used when you want a new table row to begin.
The <TH> Tag: It stands for Table Header. The contents declared as header are displayed in a bold.
Rowspan
R1
• How many rows space span/occupy by a ROWSPAN
cell. R2
<table border=1 width=40% height=40%>
<tr>
<td bgcolor=yellow>R1</td>
<td rowspan=2 bgcolor=green>ROWSPAN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor=orange>R2</td>
</tr>
</table>
10/10/2020
Colspan
COLSPAN
• How many columns space span/occupy by a
cell. C1 C2
<table border=1 width=40% height=40%>
<tr>
<td bgcolor=yellow colspan=2>COLSPAN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor=orange>C1</td>
<td bgcolor=green>C2</td>
</tr>
</table>
Embedding/inserting Video in the HTML
• The <video> tag allows to insert video in the HTML(website).
• Video format supported are .MP4, WEBM, OGG
• Attributes of <video> tag are
1. Src: (The URL/name of the video to embed)
2. Controls: (to control video playback, including volume, seeking, and pause/resume playback.)
3. Preload: (will load video when page load and let it ready to run)
4. Height: (the height of the video's display area)
5. Width: (the width of the video's display area)
6. Autoplay: (to play video automatically)
e.g. <video src="kitties.mp4" autoplay height=400 width=400 controls></video>
Embedding/inserting Audio in the HTML
• The <audio> tag allows to insert music in the HTML(website).
• Audio format supported are .MP3, WAV, OGG
• Attributes of <audio> tag are
1. Src
2. Autoplay
3. Controls:
4. Preload:
e.g. <audio src="kitty.mp3" autoplay controls></audio>
LINK

• It allows you to jump to a document(webpage) or section of same document when


you click on text or image.
• A Hyperlink is a link from a hypertext file to another document, file or location.
• Types of Link
1. External: It links two different documents(webpages) when clicking on a
hyperlink and new document will open.
2. Internal : It links various sections of same document(webpage). Like top to
bottom, bottom to Top , bottom to middle.
Creating link
• HTML’s tag to create linking is <A> which stands for ANCHOR.
• <A> attributes.
1. HREF – HYPER REFERENCE (to specify the URL/name of the target document of the link.)
e.g <a href=https://tibet.net>Link to Tibet</a> OR <a href=“tashi.htm”>My page</a>
2. Target: To specifies where to open the linked document.
The target attribute can have one of the following values:
3._self - Default. Opens the document in the same window/tab as it was clicked
4._blank - Opens the document in a new window or tab
e.g. <a href=" https://tcvbyl.net/ “ target="_blank">Visit My School</a>
3. Name: To refer to some part of a webpage .
e.g <A NAME=”Infant”> Infant Section </A>
<A href=”#Infant”> Link to Infant Section </A>
1. External Link
• Requires: More than one web page.
• <a href=“Tashi.htm”>Link to My Page</a>
Or
• <a href=“tcvbyl.net”>My School</a>

Webpage A LINK Webpage B


2. Internal Link
• Requires: One web page.
• Steps: Top
1. We have mark where we want to link in the same document.
E.g <A NAME=”Infant”> Infant Section </A>
2. Link to the marked section.
E.g <A href=”#Infant”> Link to Infant Section </A> Middle

Bottom
R1
ROWSPAN
R2
COLSPAN

PRACTI
CAL ON
C1 C2
R1
ROWSPAN
R2

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