AKSUM

UNIVERSITY

AKSUM INISTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
FACULITY
FACULITY OF
OF CIVIL
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING AND
AND
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF
OF CIVIL
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING

01/03/2024 1
 AKSUM UNIVRSITY OF
WASTWATER
TREATMENT

LABARATORY REPORT OR
PROJECT
PREPARED BY ---- GEBRETSADIK
ARAYA
ID NO---1102051

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 ACKNOWLEDGMEN
 Frist,we are thankful to beloved GOD for giving
us strength and patience to participate and
successfully complete this lab or project.we are
grateful and we would like to express our
sincere gratitude to our instructor Haftom ,
Tsgie, Mehari,and Abadit for helping and
providing assistance and encouragement of the
project. Thank you all outstanding
contributions of waste water treatment.

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ABSTRACT
Users must concentrate their Sewage/Wastewater treatment
process to ensure that it
complies with regulatory guidelines. The main purpose of Sewag
treatment process is to
remove the various constituents of the polluting loads solids, organi
carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts, metals, pathogens etc . The promp
population increment, rapid urbanization of the
cities ,university and fast development of the industries leads
the generation of much pollution in our atmosphere. Among the
other pollutants; water pollution is one of the important issues for
addressing seriously. Such pollution not only affects human health
but also harmful for agriculture and the earth. Drinking safe and
clean water is one of the rising problems around the city and
university.. Such countries not only ground water treatment but also
proper treatment of wastewater. There are various conventional and
non-conventional wastewater treatment methods. On the basis of
reviewed material in this labaratory work. Among the other non-
conventional techniques, the constructed wetlands are more
beneficial for the wastewater treatment.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT--------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIST OF FIGURES----------------------------------------------------------------------
LIST OF TABLES--------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER ONE------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

Objective-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
1.1 key definitions--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2 Sources of wastewater treatment----------------------------------------------------------------
1.3 factors affecting site selection OF WASTE WATER
TREATMENT--------------------------------
1.4 Types AND shapes of sewer networks and
systems----------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER TWO WASTE WATER TREATMENT METHOD AND
CHARACTERISTICS------
2.1 Characteristics of waste water treatment----------------------------------------------
2.2 Unit operations and processes in sewage
treatment---------------------------------------------
. 2.3 Classification of sewage/wastewater treatment methods
----------------------------------
2.3.1 Preliminary wastewater treatment --------------------------------------
2.3 .2 PRIMARY WASTE WATER T REATMENT----------------------------
2.3 .3 secondary waste water treatment -------------------------------
2.3.4 tertiary waste water treatment
--------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER THREE LABARATORY
EXPERMENT---------------------------------------------
3.1 EXPERIMENT ---
1--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 EXPERIMENT -----
2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION--------------------------------------
4.1 CONCLUSION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2RECOMMENDATION------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIXES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1--------------SCREENING
FIGURE 2.2 -----------------INLET PUMP STATION
FIGURE 2.3 ----------------- WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
FIGURE 2.4 ------------------SECONDARY WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PROCESS
FIGURE 2.5 -------------------DIAGRAM OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 ------------- PARAMETERS OF EXPERIMENT
TABLE 3.1------------------ SPECFIC LIMITS

NOTATIONS
BOD5------------------- Biological oxygenated Demand
COD-------------------------Chemical Oxygenated Demand
Mg/L-------------------------------Mili Gram per Littere
M1234--------------------------Mass of balancing
mm------------------------------ Mili meter-
ml--------------------------Mili liter
SSV---------------------Sludge solid volume -
SST-------------------- Settle Suspended Theodelite
SVI----------------------Sludge Volume Index
UV-----------------------------Ultra VIolet
MLSS-----------------------------Mass Liquid Suspended Solid
DO--------------------------------Dissolved Oxygen
T-------------------- -------------Temprature
PVC---------------------------------

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Sewage/Wastewater are essentially the water supply of the

community after it has been fouled by a variety of uses. From the
standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a
combination of the liquid (or water) carrying wastes removed from
residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments,
together with such groundwater, surface water and storm water as may
be present. Generally, the wastewater discharged from domestic
premises like residences, institutions and commercial establishments is
termed as “Sewage/Community wastewater”.
It is quite important for domestic usage, agriculture crafting, industrial
operations and routinely entire animals and plants need water to live.
On the off chance that there is no water there would be no life on earth.
About 71% of the Earth’s surface covered with water and is imperative
for every single known type of life.
Our environment consists of physical, chemical, and biological
substances, which interact so that the physical and chemical substances
support the biological substances and allow the experience of

sustainable growth. objective

The main purpose of sewage/waste water treatments
are;
A) To protect the environment from the harmful effects of
untreated water.
B) Preventing contamination of natural bodies, soil water ,
and air/pollutions.
C) To remove harmful pathogens ,chemicals , to protect
public health. In general the university waste water
treatment aimed to protect , minimize and improving the
environmental pollutions ,impacts ,water quality and to
reuse resources like nutrients for irrigations of the society.

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 1.1 key definitions
Sewage: the liquid waste from communities and used to collecting ,
carrying of the wastes by sanitary system .
Sewers: underground pipes or conduits which carry to the point of
discharge or disposal .
 Sewerage: the entire system of sewers used for collecting and carrying of
the sewage by water carriage system.
 • Solid waste: any solid or semi-solid material discarded as useless. If it
doesn’t include hazardous and radioactive material it’s called Municipal
Solid Waste.
 Sanitary engineering: is the application of engineering methods to
improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the
removal and disposal of human waste .
 Separate system : is a system of network sewer. when the drainage
and sewage are taken independently of each other through two different
sets of conduits /manholes.
 Waste water : are essentially the water supply of the community after it
has been contaminated by a variety of uses by the society.
 Manhole concrete; is made up of concrete that used to join the sewers.

1.2 SOURCES OF WASTE WATER TREAMENT

 IN generally there are two sources of waste water treatments such as;
Domestic sewage; consists of
liquid wastes originating from urinals, latrines, bathrooms, kitchen sinks,
wash basins, etc. of the residential, commercial or institutional buildings.
This sewage is generally extremely foul, because of the presence of human
excreta in it.
 Industrial sewage; consists of liquid wastes originating from the
industrial processes of various industries, such as Dyeing, Paper making,
brewing, etc. The quality of the industrial sewage depends largely upon the
type of industry and the chemicals used in their process waters. Sometimes,
they may be very foul and may require extensive treatment before being
disposed of in public sewers ,and in the Aksum university domestic waste
water treatment or biological treatment has used.
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 1.3 factors affecting site selection OF WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
Before we select the site or project we understand the
Population factors
following of the city
intoour
be served
mind .
Availability of funds
• Quality of sewage to be handle
• Rainfall in the locality
• Rate of sewage expected
• Sources of sewage
• Present disposal arrangements of disposal
• Topographical features of the area
• Life span of sewer pipe
• Treatment methods
• Trend of town development
1.4 Types AND shapes of sewer networks and systems
A)Types of sewer networks and systems
Sewer networks are classified in to two main branches
such as
Separate sewer networks will require laying two sets of
conduits. the separate conduits cannot be laid in congested streets and
localities, making it physically unfeasible.

 combined sewer system, required laying only one set of

bigger sized conduits, thus making the former system costlier. the
less-foul drainage water gets mixed with the highly foul sewage
water, thus necessitating the treatment of the entire flow, needing
more capacity for the treatment plant, thereby making it costlier.
Whereas, in the separate system only sewage discharge is treated
and the drainage discharge is disposed of without any treatment.
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And also sewer systems are classified as:-
Gravity system of sewer pipes; are transported the wastes
due to gravity force on a slope surface or from high to low
elevations. There are different shapes of sewer pipes , and
its diameter can be depends on the amount of discharge.
As we have seen in the project we used gravity system from
the Residential up to inlet pump station.
PRESSURE of sewer systems ; this system of sewers are
used due to additional energy like pressure forces ,heat
energy and electrical stations .it is distribution of wastes
from inlet pump station until the Inhofe tank, and finally
Aksum waste water treatment used both gravity and
pressure systems of sewer pipes . Generally the sewer pipe
system in the project of Aksum university used PVC pipe.
B) SHAPES OF SEWER NETWORK PIPES
Sewer networks are structured in different ways . it
depends on the amount flow discharge and cost
effective. On the other hand sewer structurally circular
sections mostly. More of the university sewer pipes are
circular and although some other sections are :-
a) Basket handle shape
B Egg shape
C horse shoe and rectangular
D parabolic shape etc .

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 CHAPTER TWO
WASTE WATER TREATMENT METHOD
AND CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of waste water
treatment
Wastewater contains many different substances that can be used to
characterize it. The specific substances and amounts or concentrations of
each will vary depending on the source. It is difficult to precisely
characterize wastewater. Instead, wastewater characterization is
usually based on and applied to an average domestic wastewater.
Generally Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristic of
Wastewater Waste water is characterized in terms of its physical,
chemical, and biological characteristics.
A. Physical Characteristics The physical characteristics of
wastewater are based on color, odor, temperature, and flow.
 Turbidity
 Color
 Odur
 Temperature
B Chemical Characteristics In describing the chemical
characteristics of wastewater, the discussion generally includes topics
such as organic matter, the measurement of organic matter, inorganic
matter, and gases. For the sake of simplicity, chemical characteristics
can be described in terms of alkalinity, BOD, chemical oxygen demand
(COD), dissolved gases, nitrogen compounds, pH, phosphorus, chloride
and solids (organic, inorganic, suspended, and dissolved solids).
C. Biological Characteristics The bacterial characteristics of sewage
are due to the presence of bacteria and other living microorganisms, such
as algae, fungi, protozoa, etc. The former are more active. Most of the
vast number of bacteria present in sewage (of the order of 5 - 50 billion
per liter of sewage) is harmless non-pathogenic bacteria. They are useful
and helpful in bringing oxidation and decomposition of sewage. A little
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number of bacteria, however, is disease producing pathogens, and it is
 2.2 Unit operations and processes in sewage
treatment
The degree of treatment can be determined by comparing the
influent wastewater characteristics to the required effluent
wastewater characteristics after reviewing the treatment
objectives and applicable regulations. The contaminants in
wastewater are removed by physical, chemical and biological
mean. The individual methods usually are classified as physical
unit operations, chemical unit processes and biological unit
processes. Although these operations and processes occur in a
variety of combinations in treatment systems, it has been found
advantageous to study their scientific basis separately because the
principles involved do not change.
Physical unit operations
Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces
predominates are known as physical unit operations. Screening,
mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, floatation, filtration and gas
transfer are examples of physical unit operations.
 Chemical unit processes
Treatment methods in which the removal or conversion of
contaminants is brought about by the addition of chemicals or by
other chemical reactions are known as chemical unit processes.
Precipitation and adsorption are the most common examples used
in wastewater treatment11. In chemical precipitation, treatment is
accomplished by producing a chemical precipitate that will settle.
In most cases, the settled precipitate will contain both the
constituents that may have reacted with the added chemicals and
the constituents that were swept out of the wastewater as the
precipitate settled. Adsorption involves the removal of specific
compounds
01/03/2024 from the wastewater on solid surfaces using the forces
 Gross
FIGURE 2.1 SCREENING PROCESS
screening

• Grit removal for the elimination of coarse suspended matter that

may cause wear or clogging of equipment and Grit removal basins,
such as Grit chambers or Grit channels or Detritus tanks are the
sedimentation basins placed in front of the wastewater treatment plant to
remove the inorganic particles (specific gravity about 2.65), such as sand,
gravel, grit, egg shells, bones, and other materials that may clog channels
or damage pumps due to abrasion, and to prevent their accumulation in
sludge digesters. Grit chambers are, in fact, nothing but like sedimentation
tanks, designed to separate the intended heavier inorganic materials by the
process of sedimentation due to gravitational forces, and to pass forward
the lighter organic material. (The organic material is not allowed to settle
in this process, as otherwise, the organic matter gets entangled with the
inorganic matter, causing septicity of sewage and requiring unnecessary
labor and expenses for disposal of removal.) The grit chambers may be
placed either before or after the screens. Many engineers, however, prefer
to place them before the screens, as to avoid silting of the-screen chambers.
Since the grit chambers are sedimentation or settling basins, we will
discuss theory of sedimentation first, before coming to the design of grit
chambers.
• Floatation / skimming for the removal of oil and grease.
. Skimming tanks are sometimes employed for removing oils and grease
from the sewage, and placed before the sedimentation-tanks because the
oil and grease are blocked the prepared food to the bacteria and then the
wastes that becomes from caffe is not combined to the treatment .

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Basins. The liquid effluent from primary treatment, often contains a large
amount of suspended organic materials, and has a high BOD (about 60%
of original). Sometimes, the preliminary as well as primary treatments are
classified together, under primary treatment. The organic solids, which are
separated out in the sedimentation tanks (in primary treatment), are often
stabilized by anaerobic decomposition in a digestion tank or are
incinerated.. The principal function of primary treatment is to act as a
precursor to secondary treatment and it contains the settable ,dissolved
and suspended particles on the Inhofe tank .the depth of the tank is
known (17 m) .In this sewage treatment used anaerobic process that
means with out any oxygen to digest the food. Settable particles are
transported to SGB through sewer pump.
The main function this treatment is prepare food for the microorganisms
bacteria and making a nutrient to sludge disposals by methane gas
(NH4) or UV . physical , mechanical
Process has occurred.
 Inlet pump station :- before we have seen primary treatment
pressure system is primarily function to distribute the wastes by the
pump in to the primary inhofe of tanks and the emergency tank is
connected to reduce excess wastes that becomes suddenly .
Figure 2.2 inlet pump station

Inl
et
pu
mp
stat
ion

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 Meth
ane
pipe

Inh
ofe
tan
k

Figure 2.3 primary

treatment process of inhofe
tank

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15
 Secondary treatment involves further treatment of the
effluent, coming from the primary sedimentation tank and is
directed principally towards the removal of biodegradable
organics and suspended solids through biological decomposition
of organic matter, either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
In these biological units, bacteria will decompose the fine organic
matter, to produce a clearer effluent. The treatment reactors, in
which the organic matter is decomposed (oxidized) by aerobic
bacteria are known as Aerobic biological units; and may consist
of:
• Filters (intermittent sand filters as well as trickling filters),
Aeration tanks, with the feed of recycled activated sludge (i.e. the
sludge, which is settled in secondary sedimentation tank,
receiving effluents from the aeration tank), and Oxidation ponds
and aerated lagoons.
Since all these aerobic units, generally make use of primary
settled sewage; they are easily classified as secondary units. The
treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is destroyed and
stabilized by anaerobic bacteria, are known as anaerobic
biological units and may consist of Anaerobic lagoons, Septic
tanks, Inhofe tanks, etc. Out of these units, only anaerobic
lagoons make use of primary settled sewage, and hence, only they
can be classified under secondary biological units. Septic tanks
and Inhofe tanks, which use raw sewage, are not classified as
secondary units. The effluent from the secondary biological
treatment will usually contain a little BOD (5 to 10% of the
original), and may even contain several mg/L of DO. The organic
solids/ sludge separated out in the primary as well as in the
secondary settling tanks are disposed off by stabilizing under
anaerobic conditions in a Sludge digestion tank .on this process
biological and mechanical process are allowed . the main purpose
of this process to break down the suspended solids through
aeration tank (bacteria to get oxygen ) and mixer (shaft)(to
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protect settle the suspended particles). every day is controlled or
 17

aerator

Figure 2.4
secondary Inhofe tank process treatment
table 2.1 below experiment parameters :-

PARAMETERE RANGES
PH 6-8
SIV 120 mg/l
Temperature 15 Degree celcius
DO
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2.3.3Tertiary/ advanced wastewater treatment
Advanced wastewater treatment, also called tertiary treatment
is defined as the level of treatment required beyond conventional
secondary treatment to remove constituents of concern including
nutrients, toxic compounds, and increased amounts of organic
material and suspended solids and particularly to kill the
pathogenic bacteria. In addition to the nutrient removal
processes, unit operations or processes frequently employed in
advanced wastewater treatment are chemical coagulation,
flocculation, and sedimentation followed by filtration and
chlorination. Tertiary treatment is generally carried out for
disposal of sewage in water due to chlorine ,uv, ozone, but it is
carried out, while using the river stream for collecting water for
re-use or for water supplies for purposes like industrial cooling
and groundwater recharge. But in our project the final treatment
on dortumend (cylinderical) has used to remove the
flocculation or dirty water and to treat the excess to Inhofe tank
and return to screening due to aeration ,then processed the pure
water through chlorine and Transported the water to bond
pollution for the purpose of irrigation .
Finally you can analysis and design diagrammaticaly sewage
treatment as below
figure
WASTE 2.5 diagram for sewage treatment plant
WATER

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 3.1 Experiment -- 1
Theory :-in laboratory experiment- 1 we have
measured daily to know the following parameters
such as :-
 Temperature
 weather conditions
MLSS
PH
 SVI
SST :-if mandatory most of used in industry.
MATERIALS or EQUIPMENTS are listed below :-
• FILTER PAPER
•DRY OVEN
• CONICAL FLASK
Procedure :-During experiment- 1 measuring
process the following steps are considered
Determination of MLSS (RANGE UP TO 3.4 mg/l)
first take a sample from aeration tank and then
warm in one hour on the dry oven by using
filter paper and cool down again the sample for
20 minute we get balance weighing M1
SECONDLY ,take again sample from aeration
tank then drying the sample and the same
procedure the first getting balance weighing
M2 ,hence we have calculated as
MLSS =(M2 -M1) /SAMPLE TAKEN

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 3.2 Experiment -- 2
Theory :-During experiment two to determine or check a
reagent three days in a week to measure COD and BOD5
Equipments:-conical flask and FUM head or bio
base ,potassium dichlorinate.
procedure :-first take a sample from dortumend 2.5
ml ,second from inlet 2.5 ml and from pure water 2.5mm ,
then adding potassium di chlorinate 1.5 ml on the flask and
after that adding 3.5 ml of sulferic acid shecking (mixing),
finally heating for two hour at a temperature of 148 degree
celciuse in the FUM head and after that wait for 20 minute to
be cold then measure balance the mass . Check the highest
and smallest hence to measure pure water . It can be
calculated as
Out let – pure water is equal to approximately to the
measured in the FUM head . Generally Effluents discharged
to receiving water bodies should achieved the following
minimum wastewater quality limits: table 3.1 specific limit
parameter effluent limit

BOD5 20 mg/l
FEACAL COLIFORM 1000mpn/100ml
TSS 30 mg/l

NITRATES 30 mg/l

PHOSPHATE 10 mg/l

COD 100 mg/l

RESIDUAl Chlorine 1.5 mg/l
PH
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CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
4.1 CONCLUSION

THE ultimate goal of wastewater management is the

protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with
public health and socio-economic concerns. Based on the nature
of wastewater, it is suggested whether primary, secondary and
tertiary treatment will be carried out before final disposal.
Understanding the nature of wastewater is fundamental to
design appropriate wastewater treatment process, to adopt an
appropriate procedure, determination of acceptable criteria for
the residues, determination of a degree of evaluation required to
validate the procedure and decision on the residues to be tested
based on toxicity therefore, it is necessary to ensure the safety,
efficacy and quality of the treated wastewater.

4.2 recommendation

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reference

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