Compiler

Construction
Sehrish Saleem
MNS University of Engineering & Technology
Multan
Course Organization
 General course information
 Homework and project
information

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General Information
Instructor Sehrish Saleem
Lectures 45
Text Compilers – Principles,
Techniques and Tools
by Aho, Sethi and
Ullman

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Work Distribution
 Theory
• Homeworks
• Exams
 Practice
• Build a compiler

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Project
Implementation
 language: subset of java
 Generated code: Intel x86
assembly
 Implementation language: C++
 Six programming assignments
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Why Take this Course
Reason #1: understand compilers
and languages
 understand the code structure
 understand language semantics
 understand relation between
source code and generated
machine code
 become a better programmer
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Why Take this Course
Reason #2: nice balance of
theory and practice
 Theory
• mathematical models: regular
expressions, automata,
grammars, graphs
• algorithms that use these
models
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Why Take this Course
Reason #2: nice balance of
theory and practice
 Practice
• Apply theoretical notions to
build a real compiler

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Why Take this Course
Reason #3: programming
experience
 write a large program which
manipulates complex data
structures
 learn more about C++ and
Intel x86
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What are Compilers
 Translate information from one
representation to another
 Usually information = program

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Examples
 Typical Compilers:
• VC, VC++, GCC, JavaC
• FORTRAN, Pascal, VB(?)
 Translators
• Word to PDF
• PDF to Postscript

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In This Course
We will study typical compilation:
 from programs written in high-
level languages to low-level
object code and machine code

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Typical Compilation
High-level
High-level source
source code
code

Compiler

Low-level
Low-level machine
machine code
code
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Source Code
int expr( int n )
{
int d;
d = 4*n*n*(n+1)*(n+1);
return d;
}
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Source Code
 Optimized for human
readability
 Matches human notions of
grammar
 Uses named constructs such
as variables and procedures
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Assembly Code
.globl _expr
_expr:
imull %eax,%edx
pushl %ebp
movl 8(%ebp),%eax
movl %esp,%ebp
incl %eax
subl $24,%esp
imull %eax,%edx
movl 8(%ebp),%eax
movl %edx,-4(%ebp)
movl %eax,%edx
movl -4(%ebp),%edx
leal 0(,%edx,4),
%eax movl %edx,%eax
movl %eax,%edx jmp L2
imull 8(%ebp),%edx .align 4
movl 8(%ebp),%eax L2:
incl %eax leave
ret
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Assembly Code
Optimized for hardware
 Consists of machine
instructions
 Uses registers and unnamed
memory locations
 Much harder to understand by
humans
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How to Translate
Correctness:
the generated machine code
must execute precisely the
same computation as the
source code

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How to Translate
 Is there a unique translation?
No!
 Is there an algorithm for an
“ideal translation”? No!

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How to Translate
 Translation is a complex
process
 source language and
generated code are very
different
 Need to structure the
translation
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