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    Magnetic Particle Testing

    Uploaded by

    Almahi Eltigani Ahmed
    The document discusses magnetic particle testing (MPT), which uses magnetic fields to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. MPT involves magnetizing a part, applying iron particles, and looking for indications where particles cluster at defects. It describes producing longitudinal and circular magnetic fields, using wet or dry particle methods, and provides examples of MPT inspections revealing cracks in various components. The key advantages are its speed, portability, and ability to detect surface/shallow defects visually with simple equipment.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Magnetic Particle Testing

    Uploaded by

    Almahi Eltigani Ahmed
    56 views30 pages
    The document discusses magnetic particle testing (MPT), which uses magnetic fields to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. MPT involves magnetizing a part, applying iron particles, and looking for indications where particles cluster at defects. It describes producing longitudinal and circular magnetic fields, using wet or dry particle methods, and provides examples of MPT inspections revealing cracks in various components. The key advantages are its speed, portability, and ability to detect surface/shallow defects visually with simple equipment.

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    The document discusses magnetic particle testing (MPT), which uses magnetic fields to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. MPT involves magnetizing a part, applying iron particles, and looking for indications where particles cluster at defects. It describes producing longitudinal and circular magnetic fields, using wet or dry particle methods, and provides examples of MPT inspections revealing cracks in various components. The key advantages are its speed, portability, and ability to detect surface/shallow defects visually with simple equipment.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    56 views30 pages

    Magnetic Particle Testing

    Uploaded by

    Almahi Eltigani Ahmed
    The document discusses magnetic particle testing (MPT), which uses magnetic fields to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. MPT involves magnetizing a part, applying iron particles, and looking for indications where particles cluster at defects. It describes producing longitudinal and circular magnetic fields, using wet or dry particle methods, and provides examples of MPT inspections revealing cracks in various components. The key advantages are its speed, portability, and ability to detect surface/shallow defects visually with simple equipment.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

    Introduction

    This module is intended to present

    information on the widely used method of magnetic particle inspection. Magnetic particle inspection can detect both production discontinuities (seams, laps, grinding cracks and quenching cracks) and in-service damage (fatigue and overload cracks).

    Outline

    Magnetism and Ferromagnetic Materials Introduction of Magnetic Particle


    Inspection Basic Procedure and Important Considerations 1. Component pre-cleaning 2. Introduction of magnetic field 3. Application of magnetic media 4. Interpretation of magnetic particle indications Examples of MPI Indications

    Introduction to Magnetism
    Magnetism is the ability of matter to attract other matter to itself. Objects that possess the property of magnetism are said to be magnetic or magnetized and magnetic lines of force can be found in and around the objects. A magnetic pole is a point where the a magnetic line of force exits or enters a material. Magnetic field lines: Form complete loops. Do not cross. Follow the path of least resistance. All have the same strength. Have a direction such that they cause poles to attract or repel.

    Magnetic lines of force around a bar magnet

    Opposite poles attracting

    Similar poles repelling

    How Does Magnetic Particle Inspection Work?


    A ferromagnetic test specimen is magnetized with a strong magnetic field created by a magnet or special equipment. If the specimen has a discontinuity, the discontinuity will interrupt the magnetic field flowing through the specimen and a leakage field will occur.

    How Does Magnetic Particle Inspection Work? (Cont.)


    Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are applied to the test specimen. These particles are attracted to leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.

    Basic Procedure
    Basic steps involved: 1. Component pre-cleaning 2. Introduction of magnetic field

    3. Application of magnetic media


    4. Interpretation of magnetic particle indications

    Pre-cleaning
    When inspecting a test part with the magnetic particle method it is essential for the particles to have an unimpeded path for migration to both strong and weak leakage fields alike. The parts surface should be clean and dry before inspection. Contaminants such as oil, grease, or scale may not only prevent particles from being attracted to leakage fields, they may also interfere with interpretation of indications.

    Introduction of the Magnetic Field


    The required magnetic field can be introduced into a component in a number of different ways. 1. Using a permanent magnet or an electromagnet that contacts the test piece 2. Flowing an electrical current through the specimen 3. Flowing an electrical current through a coil of wire around the part or through a central conductor running near the part.

    Direction of the Magnetic Field


    Two general types of magnetic fields (longitudinal and circular) may be established within the specimen. The type of magnetic field established is determined by the method used to magnetize the specimen.

    A longitudinal magnetic field has


    magnetic lines of force that run parallel to the long axis of the part. A circular magnetic field has magnetic lines of force that run circumferentially around the perimeter of a part.

    Importance of Magnetic Field Direction


    Being able to magnetize the part in two directions is important because the best detection of defects occurs when the lines of magnetic force are established at right angles to the longest dimension of the defect. This orientation creates the largest disruption of the magnetic field within the part and the greatest flux leakage at the surface of the part. An orientation of 45 to 90 degrees between the magnetic field and the defect is necessary to form an indication. Since defects may occur in various and unknown directions, each part is normally magnetized in two directions at right angles to each other.
    Flux Leakage

    No Flux Leakage

    Question
    ?

    From the previous slide regarding the optimum test sensitivity, which kinds of defect are easily found in the images below?

    Longitudinal (along the axis)

    Transverse (perpendicular the axis)

    Producing a Longitudinal Magnetic Field Using a Coil

    A longitudinal magnetic field is usually established by placing the part near the inside or a coils annulus. This produces magnetic lines of force that are parallel to the long axis of the test part.

    Coil on Wet Horizontal Inspection Unit

    Portable Coil

    Producing a Longitudinal Field Using Permanent or Electromagnetic Magnets


    Permanent magnets and electromagnetic yokes are also often used to produce a longitudinal magnetic field. The magnetic lines of force run from one pole to the other, and the poles are positioned such that any flaws present run normal to these lines of force.

    Circular Magnetic Fields


    Magnetic Field

    Electric Current

    Circular magnetic fields are produced by passing current through the part or by placing the part in a strong circular magnet field. A headshot on a wet horizontal test unit and the use of prods are several common methods of injecting current in a part to produce a circular magnetic field. Placing parts on a central conductors carrying high current is another way to produce the field.

    Application of Magnetic Media (Wet Versus Dry)


    MPI can be performed using either dry particles, or particles suspended in a liquid. With the dry method, the particles are lightly dusted on to the surface. With the wet method, the part is flooded with a solution carrying the particles. The dry method is more portable. The wet method is generally more sensitive since the liquid carrier gives the magnetic particles additional mobility.

    Crane Hook with Service Induced Crack

    Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

    Gear with Service Induced Crack

    Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

    Drive Shaft with Heat Treatment Induced Cracks

    Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

    Splined Shaft with Service Induced Cracks

    Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

    Threaded Shaft with Service Induced Crack

    Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

    Large Bolt with Service Induced Crack

    Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

    Crank Shaft with Service Induced Crack Near Lube Hole

    Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

    Lack of Fusion in SMAW Weld


    Indication

    Visible, Dry Powder Method

    Toe Crack in SMAW Weld

    Visible, Dry Powder Method

    Throat and Toe Cracks in Partially Ground Weld

    Visible, Dry Powder Method

    Demagnetization (Cont.)
    Demagnetization requires that the residual magnetic field is reversed and reduced by the inspector. This process will scramble the magnetic domains and reduce the strength of the residual field to an acceptable level.

    Magnetized

    Demagnetized

    Advantages of Magnetic Particle Inspection


    1- test result virtually instantaneous no developing or processing are time 2- permanent record can be produced using photography ,magnetic rubber or transparent tap techniques 3- indication are easy to interpret 4- Can detect both surface and near sub-surface defects. 5- Can inspect parts with irregular shapes easily.

    Advantages of Magnetic Particle Inspection


    6- Fast method of inspection and indications are visible directly on the specimen surface. 7-Considered low cost compared to many other NDT methods. 9- Is a very portable inspection method especially when used with battery powered equipment.

    Limitations of Magnetic Particle Inspection


    1- It is only effective for the examination of ferromagnetic material 2- Discontinuity detection is limted to those at near the surface

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