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    Unit 4 8604-1

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    amirkhan30bjr
    This document outlines key concepts in experimental research including definitions of experiments, variables, and experimental designs. It discusses the major components of an experiment including independent and dependent variables, and experimental and control groups. It also describes different types of variables, techniques for controlling extraneous variables, and considerations of internal and external validity. Finally, it provides an overview of experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs.

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    Unit 4 8604-1

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    amirkhan30bjr
    61 views28 pages
    This document outlines key concepts in experimental research including definitions of experiments, variables, and experimental designs. It discusses the major components of an experiment including independent and dependent variables, and experimental and control groups. It also describes different types of variables, techniques for controlling extraneous variables, and considerations of internal and external validity. Finally, it provides an overview of experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs.

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    This document outlines key concepts in experimental research including definitions of experiments, variables, and experimental designs. It discusses the major components of an experiment including independent and dependent variables, and experimental and control groups. It also describes different types of variables, techniques for controlling extraneous variables, and considerations of internal and external validity. Finally, it provides an overview of experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    61 views28 pages

    Unit 4 8604-1

    Uploaded by

    amirkhan30bjr
    This document outlines key concepts in experimental research including definitions of experiments, variables, and experimental designs. It discusses the major components of an experiment including independent and dependent variables, and experimental and control groups. It also describes different types of variables, techniques for controlling extraneous variables, and considerations of internal and external validity. Finally, it provides an overview of experimental designs including pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs.

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    of 28

    Course Code: 8604

    Unit 4

    Experimental Research
    Muhammad Usman Rafique
    Subject Specialist (Education)
    PhD (Education) Scholar
    University of Education, Lahore
    mrusman89@gmail.com
    Outlines
    What is experiment
    Major Components of an Experiment
    Variable & its examples
    Types of Variables
    Techniques of controlling
    extraneous variables
    Experimental validity
    Internal validity
    External validity
    Experimental designs
    Pre-experimental designs
    True Experimental designs
    Quasi Experimental Designs
    An Experiment
    An experiment is a procedure
    carried out to support, refute, or
    validate a hypothesis.
    Experiments provide insight
    into cause-and-effect by
    demonstrating what outcome
    occurs when a particular factor is
    manipulated.
    An experiment examines the
    effects of independent
    variable on a dependent
    variable.
    Major Components of an Experiment
    The most conventional type of experiment involves
    three major pairs of components:

    Independent and dependent variables,


    Pretesting and post testing,
    Experimental and control groups.
    Variable
    An element, feature, or factor
    that is liable to vary or change.
    Variable is measurable
    characteristics that varies.
    It may change from group to
    group, person to person or
    within person over time.
    Types of Variables

    Independent Variables

    Dependent Variables

    Intervening Variables

    Extraneous Variables
    Experimental Research
    The researcher manipulates independent variables (e.g., type
    of treatment, teaching method, communication strategy) and
    measures dependent variables (anxiety level, English
    comprehension, satisfaction) in order to establish cause-and-
    effect relationships between them.
    The independent variable is controlled or set by the
    researcher.
    The dependent variable is measured by the researcher.
    An “experiment” is a prescribed set of conditions which
    permit measurement of the effects of a particular Treatment.
    Pretest:
    The pretest is the measurement of the dependent variable
    prior to the introduction of the treatment(e.g.; anxiety
    Posttest:
    The posttest is the measurement of the dependent variable
    after treatment has been introduced into experimental
    group
    TECHNIQUES OF CONTROLLING
    EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
    Randomization

    Removing the Variable

    Matching cases

    Balancing cases

    Analysis of co-variance
    Experimental Validity
    Internal Validity
    Indicates whether the independent variable was the sole
    cause of the change in the dependent variable Internal
    invalidity asks the question, “Are the measurements I
    make on my dependent (i.e., the variable I measure)
    variable influenced only by the treatment, or are there
    other influences which change it?”
    External Validity
    Indicates the extent to which the results of the
    experiment are applicable to the real world
    Internal validity vs. External
    validity
    Steps in Experimental Research
     State the research problem
     Determine if experimental methods apply
     Specify the independent variable(s)
     Specify the dependent variable(s)
     State the tentative hypotheses
     Determine measures to be used
     Pause to consider potential success
     Identify intervening (extraneous) variables
     Formal statement of research hypotheses
     Design the experiment
     Final estimate of potential success
     Conduct the study as planned
     Analyze the collected data
     Prepare a research report
    Internal validity
    History,
    Maturation,
    Testing,
     Instrumentation,
    Statistical regression,
    Differential selection,
    Experimental mortality,
    And selection-maturation interaction.
     The John Henry effect and experimental treatment
    diffusion.
    Threats to external validity
    Population validity
    Hawthrone effect
    Experiment effect
    Pre test sensitization
    Reactive effects of testing
     Treatment and Subject Interaction
     Testing and Subject Interaction
    Multiple Treatment Effect
    True Experimental group Design
    Experimental designs are considered true experiments
    when they employ randomization in the selection of their
    samples and control for extraneous influences of variation
    on the dependent variable.
     The three designs we will consider in this section are the
    best choices for an experimental dissertation. These are:
     the pretest-posttest control group design,
    the Posttest Only Control Group design, and
    the Solomon Four Group design.
    Advantages of the true-experimental design include:
    Greater internal validity Causal claims can be
    investigated
    Disadvantages: Less external validity (not like real
    world conditions)
    Not very practical
    Quasi-experimental Design
    Without proper randomization
    Lack of rigorous statistical scrutiny
    They lack some of the control of true experimental
    designs, but are generally considered to be fine
    Example: Nonequivalent group design
    Some advantages of the quasi-experimental design
    include: Greater external validity (more like real world
    conditions) Much more feasible given time and logistical
    constraints
    Disadvantage: Not as many variables controlled (less
    causal claims)
    Pre-experimental designs
    Weak experimental designs in terms of control
    No random sampling
    Threats to internal and external validity are significant
    problems
    Many definite weaknesses
    Example:
    One-Shot Design
    One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
    Static Group Design

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