3 Chapter 3
3 Chapter 3
3 Chapter 3
Engineers(Cheg2101)
1
Contents:
3.1 Energy transfer
3.2 Determination of specific work of fluid
machines
3.3 Determination of the pressure specific work
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Objective:
The chapter helps to know how to calculate the
mechanical energy and power transferred from a fluid
machine to a flow medium from measurable quantities.
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3.1 Energy Transfer
Total loss= losses outside + inside
Energy loss Energy loss outside
in the drive the fluid machine Total energy
(bearings, couplings) loss of the
fluid machine
Energy loss inside the fluid
machine (increases in non
Total Energy utilizable-energy content of
from the the flow medium)
Energy delivered
source
to the fluid
machine Useful energy rise of the
flow medium (Increase in
mechanical energy) Prime Mover/Drive
The source of energy may be:- electricity, The energy from these sources is
compressed air, steam, or fuel. converted to mechanical energy using
motors, gas or steam turbines or
4 diesel engines
3.2 Determination Of Specific Work
Of Fluid Machines
Pt Y gH
Note that all the three terms represent the useful energy
transferred from the fluid machine to the flow medium in
different ways.
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The Bernoulli Equation
dP c 2 dp c2D c2S
D
dY d g dz Y ge
S
2
2
Y= Specific work of fluid machine
Pressure Energy
P= Static pressure of the flow medium
c= mean velocity of the flow medium
Velocity Energy
z= height from datum level
= Density of the flow medium Geodetic Energy
g= Gravitational acceleration
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3.3 Determination of The Pressure Specific Work, Ypr
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Example 2
A centrifugal fan is used to exhaust air from a
workshop. The ambient temperature of the workshop
is 210C. The static pressures at the suction and
discharge end of the fan are measured to be 1.01 bar
and 1.12 bar respectively. The discharge end is 0.6m
above the suction end. Determine the total pressure of
the fan if the difference in velocity between the suction
and discharge ends is negligible.
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Case 2: Blowers and Compressors
The density of the flow medium changes
significantly between the suction and discharge ends
therefore we cannot use the equation derived for
pumps and fans. D
Y Pr S vdP 1
v
v is the specific volume of the flow medium [v]=m3/kg
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In isothermal compression the temperature of the flow
medium is kept constant.
In Adiabatic compression there is no heat transfer between
the flow medium and the surrounding
P D
n>k
P S
v
12 Figure 3.3 Polytrophic curves of compressible flow medium
3.3.1 YPr for Isothermal Compression /Yiso
Pv constant P S S
PD, vD
dP n=1 [Isothermal]
Ps vs
P v
Yiso
P
D P s vs D dP
PS, vs Y iso S dP Ps vs S
P P
v
PD
Figure 3.4 Isothermal compression specific work Y iso P s vs ln
PS
R T S PD
Y iso ln
13 M PS
3.3.2 Ypr for Adiabatic Isentropic Compression (Yad)
P v Constant P s v
K K P sv P
K
1/ k
S vk
S v S 1/ k S
1/ k P P
v
S P S 1 / k s dP P1S/ k v s S P 1 / k dp
D D
Y ad R
P C
C P CV R , and P k
M CV
1 11/k
Yad P
1/k
S vs P D P
11/k
S CP
CP R k R
CP
1 1/k k M k 1 M
K 1
k
PD K
Yad P S vs 1 K 1
k 1
P S P D K
Yad C P T s 1
PS
K 1
RTs k
P D
K
Y ad
M k 1 1
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P
S
Table 3.1 Values of the specific heat ratio k
Gas k
Mono-atomic gases[Helium, argon,] 1.66
Diatomic gases [N2, O2, H2, air] 1.44
Methane 1.32
SO2 1.29
Ethane 1.20
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Example 3
A compressor is used to compress N2 gas. The suction
temperature and pressure are 120C and 1.02 bar
respectively. The discharge pressure is measured to be
4.3 bar. Determine the useful specific energy
transferred from the compressor to the flow medium
(a) assuming adiabatic compression (b) isothermal
compression. The velocity and geodetic specific
energies are negligible as compared to the compression
energy.
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3.3.3 Adiabatic Discharge Temperature
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3.4 Determination of The Adiabatic Specific Work
Using Thermodynamic Diagrams
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Yad h Yad hD hS
Yad and TD, ad using a T-S diagram
Constant Pressure Lines
P D Actual Compression
TD
Adiabatic Isentropic Compression
TD,ad
hD
h (Constant enthalpy )lines
T
TS hS
PS
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Yad using h-S diagram
Constant pressure lines
PD
hD
Constant temperature
h[kJ/kg] lines
hS Ts, Ps
S[kJ/kg-K]
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3.5 Capacity, Power and Performance Characteristics
3.5.1 Characteristic sizes of a fluid machine
N QPt
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It is good to note that the useful power in compressors
and blower is calculated in two different ways.
For isothermal compression:-
Y Y Y Y
iso vel geo
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N QY QgH
Nb Nb Nb
Where:-
= Overall efficiency, Nb= brake power, N=useful power
Since the useful power in case of compressors can be calculated
as either isothermal or adiabatic the efficiency is also defined
likewise.
QYad QYiso
ad iso
Nb Nb
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Example 5
The test result of an air compressor is presented below.
Suction End
Absolute Pressure 1.0 bar
Suction Temperature 180C
Flow rate at suction condition 500m3/hr
Discharge End
Absolute Pressure 2.5 bar
The brake power (output power of the motor) is 20.4 kW.
Determine the adiabatic and isothermal efficiency of the
compressor. Neglect the velocity and geodetic energies.
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Example 6:-
Determine the power saving in compressing 1 kg/s of CO 2
from 1atm and 150C to (a) 4atm (b) 20atm according to
isothermal rather than adiabatic compression. What will
be the adiabatic discharge temperatures?
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3.5.2 Performance Characteristics of Fluid Machines
The capacity, head (or total pressure), brake power and
efficiency of a given fluid machine are interrelated.
It is an important document for the proper operation,
maintenance and evaluation of the fluid machine.
for pumps
Efficiency=f(Q)
H= f(Q), Nb= f(Q) and = f(Q)
30 0.8 15
H=f(Q)
for fans and compressors
0.6 Pt=f(Q)
20 Eff. 10
H [m] N [kW]
0.4
10 N=f(Q)
5
0.2
32
0.90
16 0.80
0.70
12 0.60
Efficiency
0.50
Head[m]
8 0.40
0.30
4 0.20
0.10
0 0.00
0 50 100 150 200
Q[m3/hr]
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