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    Lesson 4 Dihybrid Crosses

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    Shiloh Frederick
    The document discusses genetic inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and linked genes. It provides examples of inheritance of coat color in rabbits, which involves a dominance hierarchy of four alleles. It also discusses dihybrid crosses and how the ratio of offspring phenotypes differs depending on whether the genes are linked or unlinked. If the genes are linked and on the same chromosome, offspring ratios may be closer to 3:1 instead of the expected 9:3:3:1 for unlinked genes, due to the possibility of recombination between linked genes during meiosis.

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    Lesson 4 Dihybrid Crosses

    Uploaded by

    Shiloh Frederick
    19 views20 pages
    The document discusses genetic inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and linked genes. It provides examples of inheritance of coat color in rabbits, which involves a dominance hierarchy of four alleles. It also discusses dihybrid crosses and how the ratio of offspring phenotypes differs depending on whether the genes are linked or unlinked. If the genes are linked and on the same chromosome, offspring ratios may be closer to 3:1 instead of the expected 9:3:3:1 for unlinked genes, due to the possibility of recombination between linked genes during meiosis.

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    lesson_4_dihybrid_crosses

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    The document discusses genetic inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and linked genes. It provides examples of inheritance of coat color in rabbits, which involves a dominance hierarchy of four alleles. It also discusses dihybrid crosses and how the ratio of offspring phenotypes differs depending on whether the genes are linked or unlinked. If the genes are linked and on the same chromosome, offspring ratios may be closer to 3:1 instead of the expected 9:3:3:1 for unlinked genes, due to the possibility of recombination between linked genes during meiosis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views20 pages

    Lesson 4 Dihybrid Crosses

    Uploaded by

    Shiloh Frederick
    The document discusses genetic inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and linked genes. It provides examples of inheritance of coat color in rabbits, which involves a dominance hierarchy of four alleles. It also discusses dihybrid crosses and how the ratio of offspring phenotypes differs depending on whether the genes are linked or unlinked. If the genes are linked and on the same chromosome, offspring ratios may be closer to 3:1 instead of the expected 9:3:3:1 for unlinked genes, due to the possibility of recombination between linked genes during meiosis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 20

    DIHYBRID CROSSES

    AND AUTOSOMAL Patterns of inheritance

    LINKAGE
    HOMEWORK - MULTIPLE
    ALLELES: HIERARCHY
    Sometimes there are more than 3 alleles, occurring in a dominance
    hierarchy
    Coat Colour in Rabbits
    Agouti coat is dominant to Chinchilla coat, which is dominant to
    Himalayan coat, which is dominant to Albino coat

    > > >

    Lesson 3 Homework Multiple alleles -bunnies.doc


    BUNNIES
    Choose appropriate alleles
    CA – Agouti Cc - Chincilla Ch – Himalayan Ca – Albino

    Write down the ten possible genotypes for coat colour, and there phenotypes.

    CA CA Agouti Cc Cc Chincilla Ch Ch Himilayan


    CA Cc Agouti Cc Ch Chincilla Ch Ca Himilayan
    CA Ch Agouti Cc Ca Chincilla Ca Ca Albino
    CA Ca Agouti
    BUNNIES
    B Draw genetic diagrams to explain each of the following:
    An albino rabbit is crossed with a chinchilla rabbit, producing offspring which are all
    chinchilla. Two of these chinchilla offspring are then crossed, producing 4 chinchilla
    offspring and 2 albino.
    Ca Ca
    Albino must be CaCa
    Chincilla could be Cc Cc or Cc Ch or CcCa Cc Ca Cc Ca Cc
    Cc Ca Cc Ca Cc
    If F1 offspring are all to be chinchilla then
    parent must be CcCa

    Ca Cc
    Ca Ca Ca Ca Cc 3:1 ratio of chinchilla to albino
    Cc Ca Cc Cc Cc
    BUNNIES
    B Draw genetic diagrams to explain each of the following:
    An agouti rabbit is crossed with a Himalayan rabbit, producing 3 agouti offspring
    and 3 Himalayan
    Agouti CACA, CACc, CACh CACa Himilayan ChCh, ChCa
    CA Ch CA Ch
    Ch CA Ch Ch Ch Ch CA Ch Ch Ch

    Ch CA Ch Ch Ch Ca CA Ca Ch Ca
    BUNNIES
    B Draw genetic diagrams to explain each of the following:
    (iii). 2 agouti rabbits produce a litter of 5 young, 3 of whom are agouti and 2
    chinchilla. The 2 chinchilla young are then crossed, producing 4 chinchilla offspring
    and 1 Himalayan.
    Agouti CACA, CACc, CACh CACa CA Ch
    But we need both CA CA CA CA Ch
    chinchilla AND
    himalayan alleles to be Cc CA Cc Cc Ch
    present
    Cc Ch
    Cc Cc Cc CcCh
    Ch Cc Ch Ch Ch
    LEARNING OUTCOMES
    (i) genetic diagrams to show patterns of inheritance

    To include monogenic inheritance, dihybrid inheritance,


    multiple alleles, sex linkage and codominance.

    (ii) the use of phenotypic ratios to identify linkage (autosomal


    and sex linkage) and epistasis
    To include explanations of linkage and epistasis.
    DIHYBRID CROSSES
    This example is based on Mendel's pea crosses and begins with
    'true' breeding or homozygous plants for two unlinked genes
    (genes on separate chromosomes).
    The phenotype which is used includes the colour and the texture of
    the seeds of the pea plant.
    R = Round r = wrinkled
    Y = yellow y = green
    Round is dominant to wrinkled
    Yellow is dominant to green
    DRAWING A DIHYBRID CROSS
    R R Y Y r r y y

    X
    F1 generation Cross two homozygotes
    round yellow with wrinkled green
    RRYY x rryy

    So only gamete options are RY and ry

    RY R r Y y
    ry RrYy

    Phenotypes = 100% Round Yellow


    R r Y y
    DRAWING A DIHYBRID CROSS
    F2 generation: Cross two heterozygotes
    RrYy x RrYy
    R Y R y r Y r y

    So gamete options are RY, Ry, rY, ry

    RY Ry rY ry
    RY
    Ry
    rY
    ry
    DRAWING A DIHYBRID CROSS
    F2 generation: Cross two heterozygotes
    Work out gamete options
    RrYy x RrYy
    So gamete options are RY, Ry, rY, ry

    RY Ry rY ry
    RY RRYY RRYy RyYY RrYy
    Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
    rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
    ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

    Phenotypes = 9 Round Yellow : 3 Round green : 3 wrinkled Yellow : 1 wrinkled green


    Crossing of dihybrid
    heterozygous parents
    always gives 9:3:3:1
    ratio if the genes are
    unlinked (on separate
    chromosomes)
    HOWEVER
    Achieving the 9:3:3:1 ratio does not always happen.
    What if the genes were on the some chromosome?
    P P p p
    They are linked and would be inherited together
    L L l l
    Example
    Flower colour : P - purple p – red
    Pollen grain shape : L – long l – round
    What if we crossed true-breeding purple flowered long grain
    homozygous (PPLL) with true-breeding red flowered round grain
    homozygous (ppll)
    LINKED GENES
    P P p p
    Parent genotype PPLL x ppll
    L L
    X l l
    P
    Gametes L pl
    F1 generation all PpLl P p P p
    Parent genotype PpLl x PpLl X L l
    L l
    gametes P
    pl P
    L pl
    L
    PL pl

    3:1 ratio WHAT HAVE WE


    PL PPLL PpLl
    Purple/long Purple/long Purple/long : red/round FORGOTTEN
    pl PpLl ppll
    ABOUT
    Purple/long Red/round MEIOSIS?
    Linkage without recombination
    Linkage between two genes on a single
    pair of chromosomes : no exchange
    Genotype PpLl occurs
    P L
    P L
    What gametes p l
    p l
    could be
    produced?

    P L P L
    What if crossing
    over occurred
    p l p l
    during meiosis?
    Linkage with recombination
    Linkage between two genes on a single pair of chromosomes:
    exchange occurs between two non sister chromatids
    Crossing over is
    a rare event P L
    P L
    therefore only a p l
    small number of p l
    Smaller
    recombinant number
    of these
    gametes (from
    crossing over in P L P l
    meiosis) would
    be produced
    p L p l
    Smaller
    number
    of these
    AUTOSOMAL LINKAGE WITH CROSSING OVER

    PpLl x PpLl
    Smaller number
    of these

    We ultimately
    PL Pl pL pl get less of the
    Smaller
    PL PPLL
    Purple/long
    PPLl
    Purple/long
    PpLL
    Purple/long
    PpLl
    Purple/long
    recombinant
    number
    Pl PPLl PPll PpLl Ppll
    varieties
    of these
    Purple/long Purple/round Purple/long Purple/round Purple/round and
    pL PpLL
    Purple/long
    PpLl
    Purple/long
    ppLl
    Red/long
    ppLl
    Red/long
    red/long
    pl PpLl Ppll ppLl ppll
    Purple/long Purple/round Red/long Red/round
    Less of the
    recombinant
    varieties
    Now attempt the exam question!

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