3.distance Vector Routing

Distance Vector Routing
Prepared by
Divya K S
Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering & Technology
Kalady
Dynamic routing algorithm
Two dynamic algorithms are the most popular
1. Distance vector routing and
2. Link state routing
2
Distance Vector Routing (DVR)
• Algorithms operate by having each router maintain a table
(i.e, a vector) giving the best known distance to each
destination and which line to use to get there.
• These tables are updated by exchanging information with
the neighbors
• Other names:
• distributed Bellman-Ford routing algorithm
• Ford-Fulkerson algorithm
• original ARPANET routing algorithm used in Internet under
the name RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
3
Routing Algorithms - DVR
• In DVR, each router maintains a routing table containing one
entry for each router in the subnet.
• This entry contains two parts:

• the preferred outgoing line to use for that destination
• an estimate of the time or distance to that destination
• The metric used might be

• number of hops,
• time delay in milliseconds,
• total number of packets queued along the path, or
• something similar 4
Distance vector Routing
• The starting assumption for distance vector routing is that each node
knows the cost of the link to each of its directly connected
neighbours.
• Distance to other nodes are assigned to an infinite cost
Steps
Step-01:
Each router prepares its routing table. By their local knowledge. each router knows about-
• All the routers present in the network
• Distance to its neighboring routers
Step-02:
•Each router exchanges its distance vector with its neighboring routers.
•Each router prepares a new routing table using the distance vectors it has obtained from its
•This step is repeated for (n-2) times if there are n routers in the network.
•After this, routing tables converge / become stable.
Distance Vector Routing Example-
• Consider-
• There is a network consisting of 4 routers.
• The weights are mentioned on the edges.
• Weights could be distances or costs or delays.
Step-01:
Each router prepares its routing table using its local knowledge.
• At Router A-
Step-02:
• Each router exchanges its distance vector obtained in Step-01 with its
neighbors.
• After exchanging the distance vectors, each router prepares a new routing
table by updating the distance based on the following equation
• Let dx(y) be the cost of the least-cost path from node x to node y.
• The least costs are related by Bellman-Ford equation,
• dx(y) = minv{c(x,v) + dv(y)}
• where,
• dx(y)= The least distance from x to y
c(x,v)= Node x's cost from each of its neighbour v
dv(y)= Distance from neighbor to node y
minv= selecting shortest distance.
• Cost of reaching destination B from router A = min { 2+0 , 1+7 } = 2 via
B.
• Cost of reaching destination C from router A = min { 2+3 , 1+11 } = 5
via B.
• Cost of reaching destination D from router A = min { 2+7 , 1+0 } = 1 via
D.
New routing table at router B is-
Step-03:
• Each router exchanges its distance vector obtained in Step-02 with its
neighboring routers.
• After exchanging the distance vectors, each router prepares a new
routing table.
•
Important Notes-
• In Distance Vector Routing,

• Only distance vectors are exchanged.
• “Next hop”values are not exchanged.
• While preparing a new routing table-
• A router takes into consideration only the distance vectors it has obtained from its neighboring
routers.
• It does not take into consideration its old routing table.
• The algorithm is called so because-
• It involves exchanging of distance vectors between the routers.
• Distance vector is nothing but an array of distance
• Routing tables are prepared total (n-1) times if there are n routers in the given network.
• This is because shortest path between any 2 nodes contains at most n-1 edges if there are n nodes in
the graph.
• Distance Vector Routing suffers from count to infinity problem.
• For more details:
• https://www.gatevidyalay.com/distance-vector-routing-routing-algorit
hms/
Count to infinity problem
• The main issue with Distance Vector Routing (DVR) protocols is
Routing Loops which causes Count to Infinity Problem.
• Routing loops usually occur when any interface goes down or two-
routers send updates at the same time
• Consider the diagram shown below
• In the figure ,B will know that it can get to C at a cost of 1, and A will know that it
can get to C via B at a cost of 2
• If the link between B and C is disconnected, then B will know that it

can no longer get to C via that link and will update the distance as infinity.
• Before it can send any updates it’s possible that it will receive an
update from A which will be advertising that it can get to C at a cost
of 2.
• B can get to A at a cost of 1, so it will update a route to C via A at a
cost of 3.
• A will then receive updates from B later and update its cost to 4.
• They will then go on feeding each other bad information toward
infinity which is called as Count to Infinity problem
• Solution for Count to Infinity problem:
1. Route Poisoning:
2. Split horizon
• ANS: Going via B gives (11, 6, 14, 18, 12, 8).
• Going via D gives (19, 15, 9, 3, 9, 10).
• Going via E gives (12, 11, 8, 14, 5, 9).
• Taking the minimum for each destination except C gives (11, 6, 0, 3, 5,
8).
• The outgoing lines are (B, B, -, D, E, B).
Going via B gives (14, 9, 17, 21, 15, 11) Going via D gives (22,
18, 12, 6, 15, 16) Going via E gives (10, 9, 6, 12, 3, 7) Taking the
minimum for each destination except F gives (10, 9, 6, 6, 3, -)
The outgoing lines are (E, B, E, D, E, -)

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Distance Vector Routing

Two dynamic algorithms are the most popular

1. Distance vector routing and

2. Link state routing

• This entry contains two parts:

• an estimate of the time or distance to that destination

• The metric used might be

• time delay in milliseconds,

• total number of packets queued along the path, or

• In Distance Vector Routing,

• If the link between B and C is disconnected, then B will know that it

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