Introduction To CFD 2

Introduction to CFD
Introduction
 Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD is simply a tool used to analyze and

simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, or other transport problems.
 Fundamental Principles of CFD:
 Conservation of Mass
 Conservation of Momentum (Navier-Stokes Equation)
 Conservation of Energy
Introduction
 Complete Navier-Stokes Equation

 Unsteady, 3-D, compressible and viscous flow
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
 Approaches for solving any

engineering problems:
 Analytical
 Experimental
 Numerical
Introduction
Approach Advantages Disadvantages
Analytical · Very clean and closed · Only simple and
form solution which linear problems can
gives instant insight of be solved by these
the problem. techniques.
Experimental · Capable of being the · Costly Equipment.
most realistic approach. · Measurement
problems.
· Scaling problems.
Numerical · Handle complex · Truncation and
geometry and physics. round-off errors.
· Low cost and high · Boundary condition
speed of computation. problems.
Advantages of CFD
 It complements experimental and theoretical fluid dynamics by providing an

alternative cost-effective means of simulating real flows.
 Insight: Better visualization and enhanced understanding of designs.
 Foresight: We can test many variations until we arrive at an optimal result
before physical prototyping and testing. Practically unlimited level of detail
of results at no added expense.
 Efficiency: Compression of design and development cycle.
 Ability to study systems where controlled experiments are difficult or
impossible to perform.
 Ability to study systems under hazardous conditions and beyond their normal
performance limits.
Applications of CFD
 Aerodynamics of aircraft.
 Automotive: External flow around a vehicle, internal flow through engines,
combustion, engine cooling, etc.
 Flow and heat transfer in thermal and nuclear power plants.
 HVAC: Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
 Meteorology: Weather prediction.
 Hydrology and Oceanography: Flow in rivers and oceans.
 Biomedical Engineering: Flow in arteries, blood vessels, heart, inhalers, etc.
 Marine Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chemical
Engineering.
Methodology
 Pre-processing
 Geometry generation and cleanup.
 Meshing.
 Solving
 Problem Specification.
 Modelling.
 Boundary Conditions.
 Numerical Computation.
 Post-processing
 Lines and Contour Data.
 Charts and average values.
 Report Generation.
Prerequisites: Identification and
formulation of flow problem
 Users must decide the physical and chemical phenomenon that needed to be
considered.
 2D or 3D.
 Incompressible or compressible.
 Laminar or turbulent.
 Steady or unsteady.
 Single phase or multi phase.
 To make right choices require good skills and experience.
 Assumptions are required to reduce the complexity to a manageable level
while preserving the important features of the problem.
Approximations in CFD Simulations
 Dimension Reduction: Reducing the degrees of freedom of the problem for

simplifying the governing equations. Ex: Steady-state solutions.
 Flow Behavior Approximation: Idealizing fluid flow in the system. Ex: Laminar
or turbulent flow.
 Geometry Simplification: Simplifying the unnecessarily complex geometry in
the domain.
Pre-Processing
 Definition of the geometry of the region of interest: the computational

domain.
 Grid Generation: Division of the domain into many smaller, non-overlapping
sub-domains.
 Creating surface boundary names, regions of fluid flow, solid regions.
 Accuracy of the solution, calculation time, and cost in terms of necessary
computer hardware are dependent on the fineness of the grid.
 Over 50% of time spent on any CFD project in an industry is devoted to pre-
processing.
Solving
 Selecting the type of solver.

 Selecting the appropriate model.
 Defining the boundary conditions.
 Choosing suitable methods and controls of the solver.
 Initializing the solution.
 Establishing convergence criteria.
 Calculating the solution.
Post-Processing
 Domain geometry and grid display.

 Vector plots showing direction and magnitude of the flow.
 Line and shaded contour plots.
 Charts showing graphical plots or variables.
 Animation for dynamic result display.
 Data exporting and report generation.
Validation and Verification
 Validation means “Solving the right equations”.

 Is the simulation matching with the experimental data?
 Verifications means “Solving the chosen equations correctly”.
 Whatever techniques you have implemented are correct or not.
 While using any commercial CFD software like Ansys FLUENT, validation is
required, whereas when we choose to write our CFD code, verification is
required.
Summary
 Fundamental principles of CFD.

 Approaches toward solving engineering problems.
 Advantages and Applications of CFD.
 Methodology: Pre-processing, Solving, Post-processing.
 Pre-requisites and Approximations in CFD Simulations.
 Validation and Verification.

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Introduction to CFD

 Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD is simply a tool used to analyze and

 Complete Navier-Stokes Equation

 Approaches for solving any

 It complements experimental and theoretical fluid dynamics by providing an

 Dimension Reduction: Reducing the degrees of freedom of the problem for

 Definition of the geometry of the region of interest: the computational

 Selecting the type of solver.

 Domain geometry and grid display.

 Validation means “Solving the right equations”.

 Fundamental principles of CFD.

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