REFRIGERATION

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 Introduction
 Refrigeration: Process of producing and maintaining a
system at a temperature below the room temperature.

 Refrigerating system: The machine which used to

maintain a lower temperature inside the system than its
surroundings

 Refrigerant: The working fluid used in refrigerating

system

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 Terminologies
 Refrigerating effect: It is the amount of heat which is to be
extracted from storage space in order to maintain lower
temperature
Source (T1)

Q1 = Q 2 + W

Reversed
Engine W

Q2

Sink (T2)

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Terminologies
Co efficient of performance: ratio of heat extracted to
the work input.
Co efficient of performance = Refrigeration effect/Work input
= Q2 / W
Specific heat of water: Heat required to raise or lower
the temperature of one Kg of water through one
Kelvin (or one degree Celsius)
Specific heat of water = 4.19 Kj/Kg K
Specific heat of ice =2.1 Kj/Kg K

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Terminologies
Capacity of a Refrigeration Unit
• Capacity of a refrigerating machines are
expressed by their cooling capacity
• The standard unit used for expressing the
Capacity of a refrigerating machine is Tonnes of
refrigeration
• One tonne of refrigeration is defined as the
quantity of heat extracted (refrigeration
effect)to freeze one tonne of water into one
tonne of ice in a duration of 24 hours at zero
degree Celsius
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Application
In chemical industries, for separating and
liquefying the gases
In manufacturing and storing ice
For preservation of perishable food items in cold
storages
For cooling water
For the preservation of tablets and medicines in
pharmaceutical industries
For the preservation of blood tissues etc:-
For comfort air conditioning the hospitals,
theatres,..etc:-
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Properties of of Refrigerant
It should have high latent heat of
vaporization
It should have low boiling and low freezing
point
It should be non toxic and should non
corrosive
It should be non flammable and non
explosive
It should have high thermal conductivity
It should have high co efficient of
performance
It should be easy to handle
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Reversed Carnot Cycle
Reversed Carnot Cycle
A refrigerator operates on the basis of reversed Carnot
cycle
Reversed Carnot cycle is the same as that of
conventional Carnot Cycle except for the direction of the
processes.
The direction of heat and work interactions are totally
reversed, thus:
Heat absorbed from low-temperature-reservoir is Q L
Heat rejected to a high-temperature-reservoir is Q H
. It sets the highest theoretical COP
It consists of following four processes
• 1-2 Isentropic compression
• 2-3 Isothermal compression
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion
• 4-1 Isothermal expansion
Co efficient of performance(COP)
= Refrigeration effect/
Work input

1
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Vapour Compression System
 Domestic Refrigerator

Evaporator

Expansion device (Capillary tube)

Condenser

Compressor
Vapour Compression System
In Vapour compression refrigeration system,
refrigerant is alternately evaporated and condensed
The different components are:
 Evaporator
 Compressor
 Condenser
 Expansion Valve

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Process 1-2 : Isentropic Compression process
At state 1, the low pressure low temperature vapour
refrigerant from the evaporator is entered in to the
compressor
In the Compressor Low pressure low temperature
vapour refrigerant is compressed into High pressure high
temperature vapour refrigerant
Process 2-3 : Constant Temperature Heat Removal
(Phase change)
The high pressure high temperature vapour vapour
refrigerant is then entered in to condenser coils,
At condenser the high pressure high temperature
vapour refrigerant rejects latent heat of vaporization
and gets condensed into high pressure high temperature
liquid refrigerant .
Process 3-4 : Constant Enthalpy Process (Throttling
Process)
The high pressure high temperature liquid refrigerant
is then entered into the expansion valve.
At expansion valve the high pressure high temperature
liquid refrigerant expands and converted into Low
pressure low temperature liquid refrigerant
Process 4-1 : Constant Temperature Heat
Absorption (Phase change)
The low pressure low temperature liquid refrigerant is
then entered into evaporator.
At the evaporator the Low pressure low temperature
liquid refrigerant absorbs latent heat of vaporization
and converted into Low pressure low temperature
vapour refrigerant.
Air conditioning
Process of conditioning the air according to the human
comfort ,irrespective of external conditions.
It involves control of air purity, air motion, air
temperature and humidity.
The properties of moist air are called psychrometric
properties.

Psychrometry
The subject which deals with the behavior of moist air is
called psychrometry.
The properties of moist air are called psychrometric
properties.
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Psychrometric terms
Dry air: Mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon-dioxide,
hydrogen, argon, neon, helium etc. without considering
moisture. The volumetric composition of air is 78%
Oxygen and 21% Nitrogen and 1% of other elements.
Moist air: Mixture of dry air and water vapour.
Saturated air: The air that contains maximum amount of
water vapour which the air can hold at a given
temperature and pressure.
Humidity or Specific humidity (humidity ratio): It is the
mass of water vapour present in 1 Kg of air.
Absolute humidity: It is the mass of water vapour present
in 1 m3 of air.
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Psychrometric terms
Relative Humidity: It is the ratio of actual mass of water
vapour in a given volume of moist air to the mass of water
vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same
temperature and pressure.
Dry bulb temperature: Temperature of air measured
by an ordinary thermometer
Wet bulb temperature: It is the temperature of air
recorded by a thermometer, when its bulb is covered
by a wet cloth.
Due point temperature: It is the temperature of air
recorded by a thermometer, when the moisture
present in it begins to condense
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Psychrometric chart
• It is a graphical representation of various psychrometric properties. of moist
air
Psychrometric chart use
Psychrometric Process

Specific Humidity
Line
t ion
t ura
S a

Dry Bulb Temperature

Psychrometric Process
 Psychrometric Process

Sensible Heating (OA): Increase the dry bulb

temperature of air without change in its specific
humidity(moisture content), using heating coil.
Sensible Cooling (OB):Decreases dry bulb temperature
of air without change in its specific
humidity(moisture content), using cooling coil.
Humidification (OC):Increase the specific humidity
without change in dry bulb temperature, using
humidifier.
Dehumidification (OD):Decreases the specific humidity
without change in dry bulb temperature, using
dehumidifier
 Psychrometric Process

Heating and Humidification (OE):Increases both dry

bulb temperature and specific humidity of air, using
high temperature steam.
 Cooling and Dehumidification (OF):Decreases both
dry bulb temperature and specific humidity of air, using
cooling coil with very low temperature.
Heating and Dehumidification (OG, OI):Increases the
dry bulb temperature and decreases the specific
humidity of air, using silica gel or alumina.
Cooling and Humidification (OH, OJ):Decreases the
dry bulb temperature and increases the specific
humidity of air, using cold water.
Types of Air conditioning systems
Depending upon the need or application the AC
system is designed in different way but the working
principle remains the same.
Window air conditioning system
Split air conditioning system
Package air conditioning system
Central air conditioning system

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Window
Air-Conditioning
Unitary air conditioning system.
It works on the principle of vapour compression refrigeration
cycle.
All the components such as compressor , condenser , expansion
valve and evaporator are enclosed in a single casing and the
casing is divided into two parts, outdoor and indoor parts by a
partition.
The outdoor part consists of compressor, condenser and a
fan .The indoor part consists of evaporator and a fan. Capillary
tube is provided in between the condenser and evaporator.
The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling of the
space and the condenser side outdoor for heat rejection.
Generally unitary air conditioner are installed in windows
They are also called Window Air-Conditioner
Working
Working
This system has a double shaft fan motor with fan mounted
on both sides of the motor, one at the evaporation side and
other at the condenser side.
The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling
of the space and the condenser side placed outdoor for heat
rejection.
There is an insulated partition separating the two sides
The moisture condensing out when the inlet air is passed
over the evaporator is drained out.
The evaporator blower fan will suck the air from the room
to be conditioned through the air filter and the cooling coil.
Air that has been conditioned is then discharge to deliver
the cool and dehumidified air back to the room.
This air mixes with the room air to bring down the
temperature and humidity level of the room.
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Split air conditioning system
It consists of an outdoor
unit and an indoor unit
connected together by
pipes.

The outdoor unit consists of compressor,

condenser and the expansion coil(Capillary
tube) and it is installed on or near the exterior
wall of the room.
The indoor unit consists of evaporator , a long
blower and an air filter.

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Working

The fan draws the hot air from the room to the indoor
unit(Evaporator).
At evaporator the low temperature low pressure liquid
refrigerant converted in to low temperature low pressure
vapour refrigerant after absorbing heat from hot room air and
gets cooled. This cooled air then supplies back to the room and
room gets cooled.
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Working
The low temperature low pressure vapour refrigerant is then
fed into the compressor where it is converted into high
temperature high pressure vapour refrigerant.
The pressurized refrigerant then goes through the condenser
which condenses into liquid refrigerant.
The high pressure high temperature liquid refrigerant from
condenser is then entered into the expansion valve where it is
converted into low pressure low temperature liquid
refrigerant.
The refrigerant then passes back to the evaporator to repeat
the process

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Central Air-Conditioning
System
Central Air Conditioning plants are used for cooling large buildings ,
offices, hotels (Multi-storeyed),Hospitals, Cinema halls etc:-

It has all the components such as evaporator, compressor, condenser

, expansion valve, filters, fans etc:- in one centrally located space .

Central air conditioners circulate cool air in the different parts of

buildings through a system of supply ducts and return ducts.

Supply ducts (i.e., openings in the walls, floors, or ceilings covered

by grills) carry cooled air from the air conditioning to the building.

After circulation through out the building, this cooled air becomes
warmer, then warmer air flows back to the central air conditioner
through return ducts through a filter where air borne particles such
as dust and lint are removed.
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