Chapter 9

Chapter 9
Introduction to SQL
Programming Techniques
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Database Programming
 Objective: to access a database from an

application program (as opposed to
interactive interfaces)
 Why? An interactive interface is
convenient but not sufficient; a majority
of database operations are made
through application programs
Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-2

Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Database Programming
Approaches
 Embedded commands: database
commands are embedded in a general-
purpose programming language
 Library of database functions: available
to the host language for database calls;
known as an API
 A brand new, full-fledged language
(minimizes impedance mismatch)

Impedance Mismatch
 Incompatibilities between a host

programming language and the database
model, e.g.,
– type mismatch and incompatibilities;
requires a new binding for each language
– set vs. record-at-a-time processing
need special iterators to loop over query results
and manipulate individual values

Steps in Database Programming
1. Client program opens a connection to

the database server
2. Client program submits queries to
and/or updates the database
3. When database access is no longer
needed, client program terminates the
connection

Embedded SQL
 Most SQL statements can be embedded
in a general-purpose host programming
language such as COBOL, C, Java
 An embedded SQL statement is
distinguished from the host language
statements by EXEC SQL and a
matching END-EXEC (or semicolon)
– shared variables (used in both languages)
usually prefixed with a colon (:) in SQL

Example: Variable Declaration
in Language C
 Variables inside DECLARE are shared and can appear
(while prefixed by a colon) in SQL statements
 SQLCODE is used to communicate errors/exceptions
between the database and the program
int loop;
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
varchar dname[16], fname[16], …;
char ssn[10], bdate[11], …;
int dno, dnumber, SQLCODE, …;
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

Embedded SQL in C
Programming Examples
loop = 1;
while (loop) {
prompt (“Enter SSN: “, ssn);
EXEC SQL
select FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SALARY
into :fname, :lname, :address, :salary
from EMPLOYEE where SSN == :ssn;
if (SQLCODE == 0) printf(fname, …);
else printf(“SSN does not exist: “, ssn);
prompt(“More SSN? (1=yes, 0=no): “, loop);
END-EXEC
}

Embedded SQL in C
Programming Examples
 A cursor (iterator) is needed to process
multiple tuples
 FETCH commands move the cursor to
the next tuple
 CLOSE CURSOR indicates that the
processing of query results has been
completed

Dynamic SQL
 Objective: executing new (not previously
compiled) SQL statements at run-time
– a program accepts SQL statements from the
keyboard at run-time
– a point-and-click operation translates to certain SQL
query
 Dynamic update is relatively simple; dynamic
query can be complex
– because the type and number of retrieved attributes
are unknown at compile time

Dynamic SQL: An Example
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;

varchar sqlupdatestring[256];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
…
prompt (“Enter update command:“, sqlupdatestring);
EXEC SQL PREPARE sqlcommand FROM :sqlupdatestring;
EXEC SQL EXECUTE sqlcommand;

Embedded SQL in Java
 SQLJ: a standard for embedding SQL in

Java
 An SQLJ translator converts SQL
statements into Java (to be executed
through the JDBC interface)
 Certain classes, e.g., java.sql have to
be imported

Embedded SQL in Java:
An Example
ssn = readEntry(“Enter a SSN: “);
try {
#sql{select FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SALARY
into :fname, :lname, :address, :salary
from EMPLOYEE where SSN = :ssn};
}
catch (SQLException se) {
System.out.println(“SSN does not exist: “+ssn);
return;
}
System.out.println(fname+“ “+lname+… );

Multiple Tuples in SQLJ
 SQLJ supports two types of iterators:

– named iterator: associated with a query
result
– positional iterator: lists only attribute types in
a query result
 A FETCH operation retrieves the next tuple
in a query result:
fetch iterator-variable into program-variable

FIGURE 9.10. SQLJ to print employee info
for a department.

Database Programming with
Functional Calls
 Embedded SQL provides static database
programming
 API: dynamic database programming
with a library of functions
– advantage: no preprocessor needed (thus
more flexible)
– drawback: SQL syntax checks to be done at
run-time

Java Database Connectivity
 JDBC: SQL connection function calls for

Java programming
 A Java program with JDBC functions can
access any relational DBMS that has a
JDBC driver
 JDBC allows a program to connect to
several databases (known as data
sources)

Steps in JDBC Database Access
1. Import JDBC library (java.sql.*)

2. Load JDBC driver:
Class.forname(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver”)
3. Define appropriate variables

4. Create a connect object (via getConnection)
5. Create a statement object from the
Statement class

Steps in JDBC Database Access
(continued)
6. Identify statement parameters (to be
designated by question marks)
7. Bound parameters to program variables
8. Execute SQL statement (referenced by an
object) via JDBC’s executeQuery
9. Process query results (returned in an object
of type ResultSet)
– ResultSet is a 2-dimentional table

FIGURE 9.14. JDBC to Print Employee
Names and Salaries

Database Stored Procedures
 Persistent procedures/functions (modules) are
stored locally and executed by the database
server (as opposed to execution by clients)
 Advantages:
– if the procedure is needed by many applications, it
can be invoked by any of them (thus reduce
duplications)
– execution by the server reduces communication
costs
– enhance the modeling power of views

Stored Procedure Constructs
 A stored procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE procedure-name (params)
local-declarations
procedure-body;
 A stored function
CREATE FUNCTION fun-name (params) RETURNS return-type
local-declarations
function-body;
 Calling a procedure or function
CALL procedure-name/fun-name (arguments);

SQL Persistent Stored Modules
 SQL/PSM: part of the SQL standard for

writing persistent stored modules
 SQL + stored procedures/functions +
additional programming constructs
– e.g., branching and looping statements
– enhance the power of SQL

SQL/PSM: An Example
CREATE FUNCTION DEPT_SIZE (IN deptno INTEGER)
RETURNS VARCHAR[7]
DECLARE TOT_EMPS INTEGER;
SELECT COUNT (*) INTO TOT_EMPS

FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO = deptno;
IF TOT_EMPS > 100 THEN RETURN “HUGE”
ELSEIF TOT_EMPS > 50 THEN RETURN “LARGE”
ELSEIF TOT_EMPS > 30 THEN RETURN “MEDIUM”
ELSE RETURN “SMALL”
ENDIF;


Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Objective: to access a database from an

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-2

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-3

 Incompatibilities between a host

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-4

1. Client program opens a connection to

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-5

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-6

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-7

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-8

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-9

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-10

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-11

 SQLJ: a standard for embedding SQL in

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-12

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-13

 SQLJ supports two types of iterators:

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-14

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-15

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-16

 JDBC: SQL connection function calls for

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-17

1. Import JDBC library (java.sql.*)

3. Define appropriate variables

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-18

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-19

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-20

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-21

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-22

 SQL/PSM: part of the SQL standard for

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-23

SELECT COUNT (*) INTO TOT_EMPS

Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Chapter 9-24

You might also like