Systematics Based on

Evolutionary
Relationships
Earth and Life Science Grade 11
Quarter 2/Week 7
 Learning Objectives:
K: Identify ways of classifying organisms based on
evolutionary relationships
S: Analyze how different organisms were classified
using the present system of classification based on
evolutionary relationships
A: Appreciate the presence of various uniqueness of
organisms in our Earth
A. Use the given clues to unscramble the letters and form the
correct words.

1. LOIBINMANAELOEUMNCRT

Clue: The two-part system of naming

organisms using genius and species.
 BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
2. TOXYNMOA

Clue: The science of classifying and

naming animals.
TAXONOMY
3. LONCIFITSAACSI

Clue: The method of grouping

organisms based on their similarities.
CLASSIFICATION
4. TYATEICSSMS

Clue: The scientific study of the

diversity of organisms and their
evolutionary relationships.
SYSTEMATICS
5. OSAMOHSNEINP

Clue: The scientific name of modern

humans.
Homo sapiens
SCIENCE QUEST 1
B. Based on your knowledge, how do we classify organisms?
Write at least three sentences on your answer sheet.

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01
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
 The diversity of
organisms living on the
planet is huge.
 Estimated 5 to 50 millions organisms exist.
 Only 1.7 million species have been described
 Classifying organisms is important since there
are so many of them
 Systematics-the scientific study of diversity of
organisms and their evolutionary relationships
 Taxonomy-the branch of systematics that
involves the study of naming, describing, and
classifying organisms
Classification-a method of arranging organisms
into groups based on their similarities (done by
Taxonomists)
Carl Linnaeus
-designed a classification system in the
mid-18th century in which organisms are grouped
according to their similarities
-the similarities are structural
in nature
Carl Linnaeus
-simplified the process of naming
organisms by developing a system
called binomial nomenclature in which
the species has a two-part name. This is
what we popularly known as scientific
name.
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
The works of Carl Linnaeus gave rise to
classifying organisms according to taxonomic
ranks, which is known as the Linnaean system.
The levels of classification below are shown in
increasing exclusivity.
-Although organisms have a scientific name, each organism
may belong to a broader grouping as it moves up the
taxonomic ranks.
-Kingdoms are further grouped into phyla (singular:
phylum) or divisions in plants. A phylum is grouped into
classes, and a class into orders, and so on. As you go down
the taxonomic ranks, more specific descriptions cover a
specific organism. The divisions also tell the degree of
relationships and similarities among organisms.
 Table 1 shows how humans are classified
based on specific characteristics.
Table 1. Levels of Classification on
Humans
Taxonomic Human Description Organisms
Rank
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular,
heterotrophic
, eukaryotic
organisms
Taxonomic Human Description Organisms
Rank

Phylum Chordata Animals with

notochord

Class Mammalia Animals that

feed their
young with
milk
Taxonomic Human Description Organisms
Rank

Order Primata Refined

development of
hands, feet
shorter snouts,
and large brains

Family Hominidae Primates with

robust bodies
and well-
developed
forearms
Taxonomic Human Description Organisms
Rank
Genus Homo Humans and
other closely
related species
that use tools
and other
competitive
advantages
Species sapiens Modern
humans,
organism that
have the ability
to reason, adap
 Notice that as you move down the
taxonomic ranks, fewer organisms are
being included as the characteristics of
organisms become more specific.
 Table 2 gives the level of classification of
narra and Philippine eagle in the Linnaean
classification system:
Table 2. Levels of Classification of Narra
and Philippine Eagle
TAXONOMIC NARRA PHILIPPINE
RANK EAGLE
Kingdom Plantae Animalia

Phylum/Division Magniliophyta Magniliophyta

Chordata Chordata
TAXONOMIC NARRA PHILIPPINE EAGLE
RANK
Class Magniliopsida Aves
Order Fabales Falconiformes
Family Fabaceae Accipitridae
Genus Pterocarpus Pithecophaga
Species indicus jefferyi
 Rules in Designating Scientific
Names of Organisms
Organisms are named using the binomial
nomenclature system. It is a system in
which an organism is given a two-part
name consisting of genus and species.
 Rules in Designating Scientific
Names of Organisms
• In scientific name, the genus starts with a capital
letter while the species starts with a small letter (e.g.,
Felis catus).
• Scientific names are set in italics (e.g., Felis catus).
• When scientific names are handwritten, each word
should be underlined (e.g., Felis catus).
Table 3 shows some of the scientific names
of common animals.
Table 3. Scientific Names of Some
Common Organisms
Plants Scientific Animals Scientific
Name Name
Banana Musa Carabao Bubalus
acuminata (bull) bubalis
Coconut Cocos Cat Felis catus
nucifera
 Plants Scientific Animals Scientific Name
Name
Eggplant Solanum Carabao Canis
melongena familiaris
Mango Mangifera Tamaraw Bubalus
indica mindorensis
Papaya Carica Tarsier Tarsius
papaya syrichta
 Importance of Scientific Name
 The use of scientific names avoids confusion among scientists.
 Scientific names allow the use of universal names which helps
scientists clarify particular organism they are referring to.
 Scientific names also provide organisms identity and indicate
their true nature. Common names do not tell the exact nature of
an organism (e.g., sea horse is not a horse but a fish; a sea lion is
not a cat but a seal; and whale shark is not even a mammal).
 Modern Taxonomy
Modern taxonomy organizes living things in the
context of evolution. Scientists use different kinds of
information to classify organisms through:
1. Fossil Record
-history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or
imprints of organisms from earlier geological periods preserved
in sedimentary rock
-can be used to trace changes over time through fossil records
2. Morphology
- the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and
microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts
- homologous structures are organs or skeletal elements of animals
and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their
connection to a common ancestor. These structures do not have to
look exactly the same, or have the same function. The most
important part, as hinted by their name, is that they are structurally
similar.
- homologous structure suggests a recent common ancestor
3. EMBRYOLOGY
- studies the prenatal development of
gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and
development of embryos and fetuses
- animals whose embryos develop in a
similar pattern may be related
4. Chromosome
- is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic
material of an organism
- karyotype is an individual's collection of
chromosomes. The term also refers to a laboratory
technique that produces an image of an individual's
chromosomes.
- similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships
5. Macromolecules (DNA and Proteins)
- comparison of molecules like DNA and
protein; organisms with similar sequences
of DNA and proteins are probably more
closely related
Performance
Task
A picture is worth a thousand words
ACTIVITY
CLASSIFYING ALIENS USING
DICHOTOMOUS KEYS!
Look carefully at the aliens pictured
below. Use the dichotomous key to
find the name for each one.
QUESTIONS:
1. Each of these aliens belongs to the same
genus. What is their genus?
2.Look at the species name for each alien.
How do you think names were chosen?
Questions?
Prepare a ½ sheet of paper
for a 10-item quiz.
Erasure means wrong.
Wrong spelling is wrong.
EVALUATION/POST-TEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully and
write the correct letter and the corresponding
word/words of the correct answer on your answer
sheet.
1. The science of biological classification is use to…
a. predict an organism’s future evolution.
b. decide when an organism died.
c. show relationships among organisms.
d. decipher an organism’s DNA.
2. When scientific name is written by hand…
a. each separate word should be underlined by dotted line
and if possibly it is printed in italic form.
b. each separate word should be underlined and it is printed
in italic form.
c. each separate word should be underlined by dotted line
and it is printed in Latin word.
d. each separate word should be underlined and it is printed
in Latin form.
3. Which of the following accurately lists the
levels of classification in our current
taxonomic system?
a. Phylum, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species
b. Class, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, species
c. Phylum, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species
d. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
4. Which of the following shows the
correct scientific name for a fruit
fly? a. Drosophila melanogaster
b. Drosophila Melanogaster
c. Drosophila Melanogaster
d. Drosophila melanogaster
5. Which of the following is unlikely
used by scientist to classify
organisms using modern taxonomy?
a. DNA and Proteins c. Organism
Color b. Fossil record d.
Morphology
6. The science of systematics is used to
a. predict an organism’s future evolution
b. decide when an organism died
c. show relationships among organisms
d. interpret an organism’s DNA
7. If a biologist finds an insect that doesn’t
resemble anything seen before, it
a. may be a new species
b. may be an undescribed life history stage of an
already known species
c. may be a member of the other gender of a
known species
d. all of the above
8. Aedes aegypti is the scientific name of a
certain species of a mosquito known to carry
dengue virus. The term Aedes represents the
mosquitos’
a. genus
b. kingdom
c. order
d. species
9. Which of the following definitions
cover a greater number of
organisms?
a. species
b. genus
c. family
d. class
10. Which of the following statement is NOT true
about concepts in modern taxonomy?
a. homologous structures may suggest common
ancestry
b. similar sequences of DNA and proteins are
probably more closely related
c. animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern
may be related
d. changes in karyotype suggest closer relationships
 02
Answer Key
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. D
Thank you for listening!

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