NCM 100 Report Dr. Patricia Benner

Biograpy & Theories
Dr. Patricia
of
Benner
PASADENA COLLEGE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN
FRANSISCO
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
BERKELEY
Dr. Patricia In the late 1960s, Benner worked in the nursing
Sawyer field. This included working as a Head Nurse of the

Coronary Care Unit at the Kansas City General
Benner
Nursing Theorist, Academic Writer and Hospital and an Intensive Care Staff Nurse at the
Author
Stanford University Hospital and Medical Center. From
1970 until 1975, she was a Research Associate at the
University of California at San Francisco School of
Career
Nursing. Where She Published Her Novice to Expert
Dr. Benner earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in nursing from
Pasadena College in 1964. She went on to earn a Master of Science Theory‟ in 1982
in Medical-Surgical Nursing from the University of California at
San Francisco in 1970, and a Ph.D. from the University of
California at Berkeley in 1982
THEORY
5 NOVICE
ADVANCED
Levels BEGINNER
of
COMPETENT
PROFICIENT
Nursing EXPERT
Novice
Beginners have had no experience of the situations in which they are expected to perform.
Novices are taught rules to help them perform. The rules are context-free and independent
of specific cases, hence the rules tend to be applied universally. The rule-governed
behavior typical of the novice is extremely limited and inflexible. As such, novices have
no “life experience” in the application of rules. “Just tell me what I need to do and I‟ll do it”
Advanced Beginner
Advanced Beginner are those who can demonstrate marginally acceptable performance,
those who have coped with enough real situations to note, or to have pointed out to them
by a mentor, the recurring meaningful situational components. These components require
prior experience in actual situations for recognition. Principles to guide actions begin to be
formulated. The principles are based on experience.
Competent
Competence in nursing typically develops after two or three years on the job, when a nurse starts to
view their actions in relation to long-term goals. Competent nurses consciously plan their actions
based on careful and abstract analysis of the situation. This level of skill emphasizes deliberate
planning, leading to greater efficiency and organization. While competent nurses may not be as
quick or adaptable as proficient nurses, they feel a sense of mastery and can handle various clinical
contingencies. However, they still lack the experience to recognize a situation in terms of the bigger
picture or identify the most crucial aspects.
Proficient
Proficient nurses have a holistic perspective, viewing situations as a whole rather than isolated
parts. Their performance is guided by established principles. They understand situations in
relation to long-term goals and have learned from experience what to expect in different
scenarios, allowing them to adapt plans accordingly. Proficient nurses can recognize when the
expected norm doesn't occur, and their comprehensive understanding streamlines decision-
making by helping them identify the crucial attributes and aspects in a given situation.
Expert
The expert performer no longer relies on an analytic principle (rule, guideline, maxim) to
connect her or his understanding of the situation to an appropriate action. The expert nurse,
with an enormous background of experience, now has an intuitive grasp of each situation
and zeroes in the accurate region of the problem without wasteful consideration of a large
range of unfruitful, alternative diagnosis and solutions. The expert operates from a deep
understanding of the total situation.
METAPARADIGMS
THE 4 METAPARADIGMS IN NURSING AS
DEFINED BY PATRICIA BENNER:
Nursing
Patricia Benner described nursing as an “enabling condition of connection
and concern” which shows a high level of emotional involvement in the nurse-
client relationship. She viewed nursing practice as the care and study of the lived
experience of health, illness, and disease and the relationships among these three
elements.
Person
Benner stated that a “self-interpreting being, that is, the person does not come
into the world predefined but gets defined in the course of living a life. A
person also has an effortless and non-reflective understanding of the self in the
world. The person is viewed as a participant in common meanings.”
Person
The Role of the Situation. The Role of the Body.
The Role of Personal Concerns. The Role of Temporarility.

Health
Patricia Benner focused “on the lived experience of being healthy and ill.” She
defined health as what can be assessed, while well-being is the human experience of
health or wholeness. Well-being and being ill are recognized as different ways of
being in the world. Health is described as not just the absence of disease and
illness. Also, a person may have a disease and not experience illness because
illness is the human experience of loss or dysfunction, whereas disease is what can
be assessed at the physical level.
Environment
Instead of using the term “environment”, Benner used the term “situation”,
because it suggests a social environment with social definition and meaning. She
used the phenomenological terms of being situated and situated meaning, which
are defined by the person‟s engaged interaction, interpretation an understanding of
the situation.
Summary:
Dr. Patricia Benner is a renowned nursing theorist known for
her work on the "Novice to Expert" theory, which has had a
significant impact on the field of nursing education and
practice. Her theory focuses on the development of nursing
expertise and the acquisition of clinical competence over
time.
Overall, Dr. Patricia Benner's theory highlights the

importance of experiential learning in nursing and suggests
that expertise is acquired over time through a combination of
education, practice, and reflection. Her work has influenced
nursing education and practice by emphasizing the
significance of real-world experience and the development of
clinical competence.
THANK YOU!
GROUP 4 MEMBERS:
CAJIGAS, MARCO
REYES, PHIL ZANDRA
SALVA, XYTE FRANCO
ALBA, HYACINTH NICOLE
EZELDIN, ADAM

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Biograpy & Theories

Sawyer field. This included working as a Head Nurse of the

The Role of Personal Concerns. The Role of Temporarility.

Overall, Dr. Patricia Benner's theory highlights the

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