TO FORM A WORD AND SAY

SOMETHING ABOUT WORD.

SRTTIA
TO FORM A WORD AND SAY
SOMETHING ABOUT WORD.

TRAITS
BELONGING TO A
PERSON.

TRAITS
TO FORM A WORD AND SAY
SOMETHING ABOUT WORD.

NEEG
THE BASIC PHYSICAL AND
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF
HEREDITY. GENES ARE
MADE UP OF DNA.

GENE
DIRECTION: ARRANGE THE
FOLLOWING JUMBLED LETTERS
TO FORM A WORD AND SAY
SOMETHING ABOUT WORD.

EERHYTID
THE PASSING ON OF PHYSICAL
OR MENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS
GENETICALLY FROM ONE
GENERATION TO ANOTHER.

HEREDITY
DIRECTION: ARRANGE THE
FOLLOWING JUMBLED LETTERS
TO FORM A WORD AND SAY
SOMETHING ABOUT WORD.

SCEENGIT
 IDENTIFY WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING DOES NOT BELONG TO
THE GROUP.

AA BB RR TT SS uu

ii aa uu SS ll tt

Rr CC DD EE
 Why do you think
‘uu’, ‘SS’ and ‘Rr’
does not belong to the
group?
 OBJECTIVES:
Knowledge: Define allele and traits.
Skills: Differentiate the dominant and
recessive traits of human.
Attitudes: Recognize the significance of
understanding the differences of traits from
parents to offspring.
 A DISTINGUISHING
QUALITY OR
CHARACTERISTIC,
TYPICALLY ONE
BELONGING TO A PERSON.

TRAITS
 THE PASSING OF TRAITS FROM
PARENTS TO OFFSPRING.
EXAMPLE, BROWN HAIR,
FRECKLES, BLUE EYES AND ETC.

TRAITS
 BASED FROM THE HUMAN VARIATION
(PRESENT THE CHART TO THE CLASS),
IDENTIFY WHETHER THE GIVEN TRAITS
THAT YOU HAVE IS DOMINANT OR
RECESSIVE.
TRAITS DOMINANT RECESSIVE
Shape of Face

Hair
Spacing of eyes

Size of eyes
IDENTIFY WHETHER THE FOLLOWING TRAITS
IS HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT, HOMOZYGOUS
RECESSIVE OR HETEROZYGOUS.
WAVY HAIR
NARROW NOSE
STRAIGHT HAIR
BALDNESS
WITH DIMPLES
ATTACHED EARLOBES
ABUNDANT BODY HAIR
COLORBLINDNESS
ROUND FACE
NORMAL GROWTH
 QUESTION:
What is an allele?
ANSWER:
- a gene for a particular trait.
 QUESTION:
What is a trait?
ANSWER:
- characteristic of an individual.
Example, Brown hair, freckles, blue
eyes and etc.
 QUESTION:
What is a gene
ANSWER:
-the unit of heredity which
contains DNA
 Genes determine traits, or
characteristics, such as eye,
skin, or hair color, of all
organisms.
 Each gene in an
individual consists of
two alleles: one comes
from the mother and
one from the father.
 Some alleles are dominant,
meaning they ultimately
determine the expression of a trait.
Other alleles are recessive and are
much less likely to be expressed.
 When a dominant allele is
paired with a recessive
allele, the dominant allele
determines the characteristic.
 QUESTION:
What the difference between
dominant and recessive genes?
ANSWER:
Dominant is always expressed when
present.
Recessive is only expressed when no
dominant genes are present.
 Hybrid/ Homozygous/
Purebred? heterozygous?

Dominant Purebred Homozygous

Recessive Purebred Homozygous

Hybrid Hybrid Heterozygous

Dominant
 QUESTION:
How do you differentiate
homozygous and heterozygous?
ANSWER:
 - Heterozygous has two different genes for
the same trait and is represented by one
capital letter and one lower case letter (Tt)
while homozygous has two identical genes
for the same trait and it is expressed in this
form (TT – Homozygous dominant) and (tt
– Homozygous recessive).
When these traits or
characteristics are visibly
expressed, they are known as
phenotypes.
The genetic code behind a trait is
known as the genotype.
 Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one
gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the
contribution of a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is
dominant and the second allele is recessive. For genes on an autosome
(any chromosome other than a sex chromosome), the alleles and their
associated traits are autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.
A classic example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape in
peas. Peas may be round, associated with allele R or wrinkled,
associated with allele r. In this case, three combinations of alleles
(genotypes) are possible: RR, Rr, and rr. The RR individuals have round
peas and the rr individuals have wrinkled peas. In Rr individuals the R
allele masks the presence of the r allele, so these individuals also have
round peas. Thus, allele R is dominant to allele r, and allele r is
recessive to allele R. This use of upper case letters for dominant alleles
and lower case ones for recessive alleles is a widely followed
convention.
Heredity :
the passing of traits from
parent to offspring

Traits are controlled by genes,

SO what is GENETICS?

Genetics: The study of how

traits are inherited.
GREGOR MENDEL
o First known geneticist
and “father of genetics”

o Was an Austrian monk

and was born in 1822

o Did most of his genetic

studies on pea plants
o He performed cross-pollination
o He became the pollinator himself
o He controlled which plants mixed.

o Some traits Mendel worked with

were shape of pea and it’s pod,
color and shape of seeds, plant
height, flower position and flower
color.
WHAT ARE ALLELES?

o Are ONE FORM of a gene (there can be more

than one form)

o Sex cells have one form of a gene on their

chromosomes

o Body cells have two forms or ALLELES for a

single gene (you got one from Mom and one from
Dad)

o One may be dominant over another. If this happens, the

dominant gene is the one expressed. If not, the
recessive trait is expressed.
DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
o A Dominant trait:
will always be expressed and will
“mask” a recessive trait

o A recessive trait
can only be expressed if
there are no dominant alleles
present.
Example:
Eye color—Brown color is dominant and
blue is recessive.

A person can have a brown allele and a

blue allele but still have brown eyes
because the brown allele is dominant and
“hides” the blue allele.
  Generally, dominant
alleles are represented
with a capital letter,
and recessive alleles
are represented with a
Example: lower case letter.

R = Dominant
r = recessive
EACH
ORGANISM
IS
REPRESENTED
BY TWO
LETTERS,
ONE FOR
EACH ALLELE.
o “Purebred”species have
two alleles of the same
trait
o Representedby two of the
same letters. This is called
homozygous.

For example: BB or bb.

oSpecies with two different
alleles or two different
forms of the gene would be
“hybrid”
oRepresented by two different
“letters” and by called
“heterozygous”.
o For example: Bb
WHAT IS
THE
DIFFERENC
E BETWEEN
HYBRID
AND
PUREBRED?
Homozygous Heterozygous
Referring to the arrangement in Referring to the arrangement in
which the two alleles for a which the two alleles for a simple
dominant-recessive trait differ.
simple dominant- recessive
trait are the same.
Heterozygous Individual
Homozygous Individual
(Eye Color)
(Eye Color)
Could be Bb, or bB
Could be BB or bb The chance for having blue eyes is
25%

49
IDENTIFY WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING DOES NOT
BELONG TO THE GROUP.

AA BB RR TT SS uu
ii aa uu SS ll tt
Rr CC DD EE
TONGUE-ROLLER
- DOMINANT
FREE EARLOBE IS DOMINANT.
WIDOW’S PEAK
DIMPLES ON CHEEK IS
RECESSIVE
LONG EYELASHES IS
DOMINANT
CURLY HAIR
BROWN, HAZEL / GREEN
EYES
ROMAN NOSE
HAIR ON MID DIGIT
RIGHT-HANDEDNESS
BENT LITTLE FINGER
LEFT THUM
OVER RIGH
HITCHHIKERS THUMB
SECOND TOE LONGER
CLEFT CHIN IS
RECESSIVE
FRECKLES
 QUESTION:
Are dominant traits more common then
recessive ones?

ANSWER:
Not always. A recessive trait can be
more common in some
populations.
ANALYSIS
What is an allele? A trait?
Give examples of each.
Differentiate dominant and
recessive.
Do you share the same
traits as your parents?
What do you think is the
reason why you don’t
have the exact physical
traits as your mother or
father?
The alleles present in
the organism are
referred to as its
genotype. For
instance, BB, Bb, or
bb.
oThe PHYSICAL trait that shows,
regardless of genotype is called
a PHENOTYPE.

oFor instance, Blue or Brown

Eyes.
Write out the GENOTYPE(S) for
these people:
1. Homozygous long eyelashes ______
2. Homozygous straight thumb ______
3. Dimples ______
Genotype
The genetic makeup of a
given individual Phenotype
The traits that are
Recessive Gene expressed in the
The gene pair that individual
determines a trait in an Dominant Gene
individual only if the One gene of a gene
other member of that pair that will cause a
pair is also recessive particular trait to be
75
expressed
• Write out the PHENOTYPES for
these people
4.Ee ____________________________
5. cc ____________________________
6. DD ___________________________
7. Dominant allele
D e k L N n R s
8. Recessive allele
M n d F G r k P
9. Homozygous dominant
AA Gg KK mm uu Rr
10. Homozygous recessive
AA Gg KK mm uu Rr
11. Heterozygous dominant
AA Gg KK mm uu Rr
12. Homozygous recessive
ee Ff HH Oo qq Uu ww

13. Genotype in which dominant gene must show

AA Dd EE ff Jj RR Ss

14. Genotype in which recessive gene must show

Aa Gg Ff KK rr Oo Tt
 In human, being a tongue roller (R) is dominant
over non-roller (r). A man who is a non-roller
marries a woman who is heterozygous for tongue
rolling.
 Father’s phenotype: _non-tongue roller______
 Father’s genotype: _rr_____
 Mother’s phenotype: __hetero tongue roller____
 Mother’s genotype: ___Rr____
 What is the probability of this couple to have a
child who is a tongue roller?
Monohybrid Cross
 A method of determining the inheritance pattern of a trait
between two single organisms.
 A cross between parents who are true-breeding for a trait.

 Example: Both homozygous for one allele of the gene. BB

x bb in which B is the dominant allele for a trait and b is
the recessive allele for that same trait.

 Brown is dominant over blue eyes.

To solve a sample problem, you’ll need to set
up a Punnett square.
Punnet square - a diagram that is used to
predict an outcome of a particular cross or
breeding experiment
Genotype – the combination of dominant
and/or recessive gene (allele) present in the
cell of an organism.
Phenotype – a physical trait in an organism
resulting from its genetic makeup.
Why the child didn’t inherit
his/her mom’s eye color?
Example:
A heterozygous dominant pea is
bred with another Heterozygous
dominant pea. Determine the
Phenotypic and genotypic ratio of
the probably offspring.
CONSTRUCT A PUNNET SQUARE TO
SOLVE THIS MONOHYBRID CROSS.
When two parents heterozygous for
genes for curly hair (Cc) are crossed,
what percent of their offspring (F1)
would you have curly hair? What
percent would have straight hair?
LOOK AT THE PUNNET SQUARE. WHAT
MAKES THE OFFSPRING COLORED WHITE?
What is the use of the
Punnett Square?
It is a diagram that is used to
predict an outcome of a
particular cross or breeding
experiment.
What is a monohybrid cross?
A monohybrid cross is a mating
between two individuals with
different variations at one genetic
chromosome of interest
Both husband and wife
are heterozygous (Aa)
for dimples. What are the
chances that their
children will have
dimples?
PROBLEM:
Short hair (L) is dominant over
long hair (l) in rabbits. Two
heterozygous rabbits are mated.
Show the punnett square. What
phenotypes are expected, and in
what ratios of the bunnies
produced?
The Punnett square is a diagram that is
used to predict an outcome of a particular
cross or breeding experiment. It is named
after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised
the approach.
The diagram is used by biologists to
determine the probability of an offspring
having a particular genotype. One of the
famous cross that utilizes Punnett Square
is the monohybrid cross.
 This cross is based on the first law of
genetics, the Law of Segregation A
monohybrid cross is a mating between two
individuals with different variations at one
genetic chromosome of interest.
 The character(s) being studied in a
monohybrid cross are governed by two or
multiple variations for a single locus. A
cross between two parents possessing a
pair of contrasting characters is known as
monohybrid cross.
Mendelian crosses became a
very big contributor in the
study of genetics since it
allows people to identify and
contrast the different genes of
an individual.
 How is the behavior of the chromosomes
during meiosis related to heredity?
In order to answer this question, we must
first look back at the experiments of
Gregor Mendel.
The results of his garden experiments laid
down the foundations of Modern Genetics.
 Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity

He was interested in investigating how individual traits

were inherited.
He wanted to find out whether both parents contributed
equally to the traits of the offspring.
He also wanted to know if the traits present in the
offspring were produced by the blending of the traits of
the parents.
 Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity

Mendel chose the garden pea (Pisum sativum) for his

experiments.
Before he started his experiments, Mendel first produced
pure-breeding plants.
Mendel allowed his pea plants to self-pollinate for many
generations until all the offspring had the same features
as the parents, generation after generation.
 Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity

When he has pure-breeding plants, Mendel began cross-

pollinating peas with contrasting traits.
The pure-breeding peas constituted the parental or P1
generation.
 Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity

The offspring of the parental cross are called the first

filial (F1) generation.
In Mendel’s experiments, the F1 generation are also
called hybrids because they resulted from a cross
between two pure-breeding plants with contrasting traits
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity

When the plants from the F1 generation

were crossed with each other or
selfpollinated, the offspring (F2 or second
filial generation) were of two types.
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity
 Mendel noted that for each trait he studied, there is one trait that dominates the
other.
 Based on the results for the F1 generation, the trait for round seeds is the
dominant trait.
 The trait of wrinkled seeds, which did not appear in the F1 generation, is called
the recessive trait.
 Its appearance was either prevented or hidden by the dominant trait.
 This is now known as the principle of dominance: The dominant trait
dominates or prevents the expression of the recessive trait.
 Today, dominant and recessive traits are represented by a capital and a small
letter, respectively.
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity

Law of Segregation
 Before Mendel’s time, it was believed that all traits
become mixed when they are transmitted from
generation to generation, as red and blue paints mix to
give a violet color. However, when Mendel crossed
pure-breeding pea plants, the pea plants did not
produce offspring with blended or intermediate traits.
 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

a) Lawof Independent
assortment – traits are
inherited independent of
each other.
Both husband and wife
are heterozygous (Dd)
for dimples. What are the
chances that their
children will have
dimples?
 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

a) Law of Dominance- when

pure parents with opposite
traits are mated, the first
generation shows only one
traits (dominant). The other
trait (recessive) is hidden
The husband is dominant
for dimple while the wife is
recessive to it.What are the
chances that their children
will have dimples?
 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

a) Law of Segregation –
when hybrid are crossed,
the opposite traits are
separated into different
offspring in a ratio of 3:1
(dominant : recessive)
Both husband and wife
are heterozygous (Dd)
for dimples. What are the
chances that their
children will have
dimples?
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity

 InMendel’s experiments, the pure-breeding

parent plants had two identical genes for a trait:
round seed = RR, wrinkled seed = rr. Mendel
hypothesized that: The pair of genes segregate or
separate from each other during gamete
formation. This is now known as the Law of
Segregation.