Communication

Communications
Remote Access
• Remote access: When we sit at our personal computer ,we are working in
our local environment .If from our personal computer we log into a
computer located at another site, we are connecting remotely .Unix uses the
telnet utility for remote login.
• The telnet concept: the telnet utility is a TCP/IP standard for the exchange of
data between computer systems. The main task of telnet is to provide
services for users.
• For example: we need to be able to run different application programs at a
remote site and create results that can be transferred to our local site.one
way to satisfy these demands is to create different client/server application
programs for each desired service.
• Programs such as file transfer programs and email are already available. But
it would be impossible to write a specific client/server program for each
requirement.
• An abbreviation for telnet is Terminal Network
• It is the standard Internet Protocol and enables connection to a
remote system so that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at
the remote system site.
• Time sharing environment: In a time-sharing environment a large
computer supports multiple users.
• The interaction between a user and the computer occurs through
terminal, which is a usually a combination of keyboard, mouse and
monitor.
• Local Login: each authorized user has identification and probably a
password.to access the system ,the user logs into the system with a
user id and password. When we log into local time-sharing system it is
called local login.
• As we type at a terminal or workstation running a terminal emulator,
the keystrokes are accepted by the terminal driver. The terminal
driver passes the characters to the operating system. The os
interprets the combination of characters and invoke the desired
application program or utility.
• Remote Login: when we access an application program or utility
located on a remote machine, we must still login, only this time it is a
remote login. We send keystrokes to the terminal driver where the
local operating system accepts the characters but does not interpret
them.
• The characters are sent to the telnet interface, which transforms the
characters to a universal set called network virtual terminal(NVT)
characters and send them server using the networking protocol’s
software.
• The commands or text, in NVT form ,travel through the Internet and
arrive at the remote system. Here the characters are delivered to the
operating system and passed to the telnet server, which changes the
characters to the corresponding characters understandable by the
remote computer.
• However ,the characters cannot be passed directly to the operating
system because the remote system is not designed to receive
characters from a telnet server.
• It is designed to receive characters from a terminal driver. The
solution is to add a piece of software called a pseudo-terminal driver
• Which pretends that the characters are coming from a terminal.
• The operating system passes the characters to appropriate application
program.
Connecting to remote host
• $telnet
• telnet> open voyager.fhda.edu
• Trying……
• Connected to voyager.fhda.edu
• ..
• Logout
• Connection closed by foreign host
telnet interface commands
• Open-connects to a remote computer
• Close-closes the connection.
• Display-shows the operating parameters.
• Mode-changes to line mode or character mode.
• Set-sets the operating parameters.
• Status-displays the status information.
• Send-sends special characters
• Quit-exits
• ?-the help command
File transfer
• Whenever a file is transferred from a client to a server, a server to a
client or between to servers ,a transfer utility is used.in UNIX ftp is
used to transfer files.
• FTP uses the services of TCP.
• The well-known port 21 is used for the control connection and the
well-known port 20 for the data connection.
File Transfer Protocol:
The ftp command
• File transfer protocol is TCP/IP standard for copying files from one
computer to another.
• The ftp protocol differs from other client-server applications in that it
establishes two connections.one connection is used for data transfer,
other for control information.
• The control connection uses very simple rules of communication.
• We need to transfer only a line of command or a line of response at a
time.
• The data connection, on the other hand ,needs more complex rules
due to the variety of data type transferred.
• The client has three components:
1)User interface
2)client control process
3)data transfer process
The server has two components
1)server control process
2)server data process
The connection is made between control processes.
The data connection is made between the data transfer processes.
• The control connection remains connected during the entire
interactive ftp session.
• The data connection is opened and closed for each file transferred.
• It opens each time a file transfer command is used,and it closes when
the file has been transferred.
• When a user starts ftp session, the control connection opens. While
the control connection open, the data connection can be opened and
closed multiple times if several files are transferred.
Transferring Files
• There are two commands to transfer files: get and put. Both of these
commands are made in reference to the local system. Therefore get
copies a file from the remote system to local system where as put
writes a file from the local system to the remote system.
Example:
get file[new_file_name]
put file[new_file_name]
Establishing ftp connection
• $ ftp voyager.fhda.edu
• Connected to voyager.fhda.edu.
• ……….
• Name:gilberg
• Password:
• Remote system type is unix
• ftp>
• Closing an ftp connection
• ftp>quit.
• ffp>close
• ftp>?
• ftp>? ls
• ftp>? rmdir

Communication

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