THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The industrial revolution

The Industrial Revolution (1750–1900) forever changed the

waIy people in Europe and the United States lived and
worked. These inventors and their creations were at the
forefront of a new society.
 1
Spining and
weaving
The creation of the following ingenious machines made possible the mass
production of high-quality cotton and woolen thread and yarn and helped
transform Great Britain into the world’s leading manufacturer of textiles in the
second half of the 18th century.
SECTION ONE

The spinning jenny

About 1764 James Hargreaves, a poor uneducated spinner and weaver living in Lancashire,
England, conceived a new kind of spinning machine that would draw thread from eight spindles
simultaneously instead of just one, as in the traditional spinning wheel.
The idea reportedly occurred to him after his daughter Jenny accidentally knocked over the
family’s spinning wheel; the spindle continued to turn even as the machine lay on the floor,
suggesting to Hargreaves that a single wheel could turn several spindles at once.
He obtained a patent for the spinning jenny in 1770.
The spinning jenny
The water frame
It is called because it was powered by a waterwheel, the water frame, patented in 1769 by
Richard Arkwright, was the first fully automatic and continuously operating spinning machine.
 It produced stronger and greater quantities of thread than the spinning jenny did.
Because of its size and power source, the water frame could not be housed in the homes of
spinners, as earlier machines had been.
 Instead, it required a location in a large building near a fast-running stream.
 Arkwright and his partners built several such factories in the mountainous areas of Britain.
 Spinners, including child laborers, thereafter worked in ever-larger factories rather than in their
homes.
The water frame
 The spinning mule.
About 1779 Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule, which he designed by combining
features of the spinning jenny and the water frame.
His machine was capable of producing fine as well as coarse yarn and made it possible for a
single operator to work more than 1,000 spindles simultaneously.
Unfortunately, Crompton, being poor, lacked the money to patent his idea.
He was cheated out of his invention by a group of manufacturers who paid him much less than
they had promised for the design.
 The spinning mule was eventually used in hundreds of factories throughout the British textile
industry.
The spinning
mule.
 The steam
2
engine

Through its application in manufacturing and as a power source in ships

and railway locomotives, the steam engine increased the productive
capacity of factories and led to the great expansion of national and
international transportation networks in the 19th century.
Watt’s steam engine

In Britain in the 17th century, primitive steam engines were used to pump water out of mines.
In 1765 Scottish inventor James Watt, building on earlier improvements, increased the efficiency
of steam pumping engines by adding a separate condenser, and in 1781 he designed a machine
to rotate a shaft rather than generate the up-and-down motion of a pump.
 With further improvements in the 1780s, Watt’s engine became a primary power source in
paper mills, flour mills, cotton mills, iron mills, distilleries, canals, and waterworks, making Watt a
wealthy man.
Watt’s steam engine
The steam locomotive.
British engineer Richard Trevithick is generally recognized as the inventor of the steam railway
locomotive (1803), an application of the steam engine that Watt himself had once dismissed as
impractical.
Trevithick also adapted his engine to propel a barge by turning paddle wheels and to operate a
dredger. Trevithick’s engine, which generated greater power than Watt’s by operating at higher
pressures, soon became common in industrial applications in Britain, displacing Watt’s less-efficient
design.
The first steam-powered locomotive to carry paying passengers was the Active (later renamed the
Locomotion), designed by English engineer George Stephenson, which made its maiden run in
1825. For a new passenger railroad line between Liverpool and Manchester, completed in 1830,
Stephenson and his son designed the Rocket, which achieved a speed of 36 miles (58 km) per hour.
The steam
locomotive.
Steamboats and
steamships.
The first steam-powered ship Pyroscaphe was a paddle steamer powered by a
Newcomen steam engine.
 It was built in France in 1783 by Marquis Claude de Jouffroy and his colleagues as an
improvement of an earlier attempt, the 1776 Palmipède.
Steamboats and
steamships.
 3 Harnessing electricity

In the early 19th century, scientists in Europe and the United States explored the
relationship between electricity and magnetism, and their research soon led to
practical applications of electromagnetic phenomena.
 Electric generators
and electric motors.
In the 1820s and ’30s British scientist Michael Faraday demonstrated experimentally that passing an electric
current through a coil of wire between two poles of a magnet would cause the coil to turn, while turning a
coil of wire between two poles of a magnet would generate an electric current in the coil (electromagnetic
induction).
 The first phenomenon eventually became the basis of the electric motor, which converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy, while the second eventually became the basis of the electric generator, or dynamo,
which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 Although both motors and generators underwent substantial improvements in the mid-19th century, their
practical employment on a large scale depended on the later invention of other machines—namely,
electrically powered trains and electric lighting.
Electric
generators
Electric railways
and tramways.

The first electric railway, intended for use in urban mass transit, was
demonstrated by German engineer Werner von Siemens in Berlin in 1879.
By the early 20th century, electric railways were operating within and between
several major cities in Europe and the United States.
The first electrified section of London’s subway system, called the London
Underground, began operation in 1890.
Electric
tramways.
The incandescent lamp
In 1878–79 Joseph Wilson Swan in England and later Thomas Alva Edison in the United States
independently invented a practical electric incandescent lamp, which produces continuous light
by heating a filament with an electric current in a vacuum (or near vacuum).
 Both inventors applied for patents, and their legal wrangling ended only after they agreed to
form a joint company in 1883. Edison has since been given most of the credit for the invention,
because he also devised the power lines and other equipment necessary for a practical lighting
system.
 During the next 50 years, electric incandescent lamps gradually replaced gas and kerosene
lamps as the major form of artificial light in urban areas, though gas-lit street lamps persisted in
Britain until the mid-20th century.
The incandescent
lamp
 The telegraph and the
4
telephone
Two inventions of the 19th century, the electric telegraph and the electric telephone,
made reliable instantaneous communication over great distances possible for the first
time. Their effects on commerce, diplomacy, military operations, journalism, and
myriad aspects of everyday life were nearly immediate and proved to be long-lasting.
 The telegraph
A telegraph is a communication system that sends information by making and breaking an
electrical connection. It is most associated with sending electrical current pulses along a wire with
Morse code encoding.
Long before Samuel F. B. Morse electrically transmitted his famous message "What hath God
wrought?" from Washington to Baltimore on May 24, 1844, there were signaling systems that
enabled people to communicate over distances.
The first two practical electric telegraphs appeared at almost the same time. In 1837 the British
inventors Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Sir Charles Wheatstone obtained a patent on a telegraph
system that employed six wires and actuated five needle pointers attached to five galvanoscopes at
the receiver.
The
telegraph
The telephone.

Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone is one of the most significant
inventions from the Second Industrial Revolution.
Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, Bell carried out numerous experiments all centered
around human speech and the use of technology to carry human made sounds long
distances.
The
telephone.
 5 The internal-combustion engine
and the automobile
Among the most-consequential inventions of the late Industrial Revolution were the
internal-combustion engine and, along with it, the gasoline-powered automobile.
The automobile, which replaced the horse and carriage in Europe and the United States,
offered greater freedom of travel for ordinary people, facilitated commercial links
between urban and rural areas, influenced urban planning and the growth of large cities,
and contributed to severe air-pollution problems in urban areas.
The internal-combustion
engine.

In 1859, Lenoir created an engine that used a mixture of coal, gas and air, ignited by an
electric spark.
His engine was the first commercially successful internal combustion engine, used
primarily in stationary applications.
The internal-combustion
engine.
The automobile.

A significant invention of the late period of the Industrial Revolution was the
automobile, which was invented first for a mass audience by Henry Ford in 1908.
 Henry Ford was an American inventor and business man, and is famous today for
many different inventions, of which the automobile was his most successful.
The
automobile.
 CONCLUSION
the Industrial Revolution was the creation of many inventions that
improved manufacturing capabilities of certain industries and improved
the economy.
Inadvertently this also led to a rise in poverty and unemployment as
dependence on manual labour was reduced.
THANK YOU
Done By- Gayathri.G