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    Evolution and Changing Character of Discipline 3

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    Lavisha Arora
    1. Public administration has evolved over five phases from an emphasis on efficient administration to a more interdisciplinary field that incorporates political and social factors. 2. It emerged as a separate discipline in the late 19th century focused on scientific principles but faced challenges to this view in the 1930s-40s. 3. A crisis of identity in the 1940s-70s led to a recognition of the relationship between politics and administration and an interdisciplinary approach. 4. The current phase since the 1970s focuses on public policy, citizen participation, and promoting social equity and public service.

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    Evolution and Changing Character of Discipline 3

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    Lavisha Arora
    17 views13 pages
    1. Public administration has evolved over five phases from an emphasis on efficient administration to a more interdisciplinary field that incorporates political and social factors. 2. It emerged as a separate discipline in the late 19th century focused on scientific principles but faced challenges to this view in the 1930s-40s. 3. A crisis of identity in the 1940s-70s led to a recognition of the relationship between politics and administration and an interdisciplinary approach. 4. The current phase since the 1970s focuses on public policy, citizen participation, and promoting social equity and public service.

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    1. Public administration has evolved over five phases from an emphasis on efficient administration to a more interdisciplinary field that incorporates political and social factors. 2. It emerged as a separate discipline in the late 19th century focused on scientific principles but faced challenges to this view in the 1930s-40s. 3. A crisis of identity in the 1940s-70s led to a recognition of the relationship between politics and administration and an interdisciplinary approach. 4. The current phase since the 1970s focuses on public policy, citizen participation, and promoting social equity and public service.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views13 pages

    Evolution and Changing Character of Discipline 3

    Uploaded by

    Lavisha Arora
    1. Public administration has evolved over five phases from an emphasis on efficient administration to a more interdisciplinary field that incorporates political and social factors. 2. It emerged as a separate discipline in the late 19th century focused on scientific principles but faced challenges to this view in the 1930s-40s. 3. A crisis of identity in the 1940s-70s led to a recognition of the relationship between politics and administration and an interdisciplinary approach. 4. The current phase since the 1970s focuses on public policy, citizen participation, and promoting social equity and public service.

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    EVOLUTION AND

    CHANGING CHARACTER
    OF THE DISCIPLINE
    Rise of the ‘subject’ public administration
    • Modern thinking on public administration began at the end of the
    19th century
    • Rise of industrialization and colonialism
    • spread of rational thinking, scientific outlook, and democracy induced
    the transition of society from traditional to modern.
    • emerge as an independent discipline out of the shadow of political
    science
    • Woodrow Wilson – founder of public administration
    • 1887 essay - “The study of Public Administration” in which he
    addressed the problems and character of public administration in a
    modern democratic society.
    Phases first phase (1887-1926)
    • Woodrow Wilson
    • Frank Goodnow tried to separate the subject from political science. Book :
    Politics and Administration: A Study in Government. Intellectual father of the
    subject
    • emphasis was on efficient administration for the rational implementation of
    goals
    • emphasized the need for a scientific approach to studying public administration
    • Consequently, the subject received increasing recognition in American
    academics.
    • 1926 Leonard D. White published the first textbook on the subject,
    ‘Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.’
    politics-administration dichotomy
    • said that while it is the responsibility of politicians to make political
    decisions, but politicians do not have the experience or excellence needed
    to implement this decision.
    • Therefore, to implement these policies (decisions) successfully, qualified
    and trained employees are required.
    • The legislature decides in the discussion what the will is; the judiciary
    resolves problems in the implementation of that state will or policy; On
    the other hand, the administration applies that reality with the help of
    statesmen.
    • Thus the division between public administration and politics is drawn and
    this phase is marked as politics-administration dichotomy.
    second phase (1926-1937)
    • known for the quest for scientific principles of administration and to establish the
    subject as an independent discipline.
    • This phase is basically called the golden age in the history of public administration.
    Because the aspect of intellectual practice of public administration peaked at this time.
    • Willoughby’s ‘Principles of Public Administration’, : most imp text
    • Mary Parker Follett’s Creative Experience,
    • Henri Fayol’s Industrial and General Management,
    • Mooney and Reiley’s Principles of Organisation are important works during this phase.
    • Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick in their ‘Papers on the Science of Administration’
    stated that Administration is a science.
    • argued for the discovery of objective principles of human organization, just like laws
    governing the physical world, which can be discovered by the scientific inductive
    method and have universal applicability.
    Principles of Administration (1926-1937)
    • there are a number of scientific principles in the discussion of public
    administration that need to be disclosed.
    • Frederick Winslow Taylor’s book Principles of Scientific Management
    (1911) speaks to the application of four numbers of principles to enhance the
    efficiency of the organization.
    1.The development of a true science of work.
    2.The Scientific selection, training, and progressive development of the
    workman.
    3.The close coordination between the science of work and the scientifically
    selected and trained men.
    4.Equal division of work and responsibility
    third phase (1938-1947) Era of Challenges
    • posed a formidable challenge to the claim that objective, universally applicable
    scientific principles of public administration can be discovered
    • Chester Bernard and Herbert Simon declared that scientific management thinking was a
    myth on the ground that administration is comprised of humans and not machines.
    • View of Robert Dahl
    1. Opposed scientific claim stating that administration is value-laden while science is
    value-free;
    2. human personalities differ and so do the social frameworks within which
    organizations inevitably operate and
    3. there is a need to take into account normative considerations, human behavior, and
    sociological and other factors while defining the parameters of public administration.
    • Two challenge:
    1. First, a new generation of theorists thought that the dividing line
    between politics and public administration was never possible.
    2. Second, the administrative theories that have been published since
    1940 criticize administrative principles. The question arises as to
    whether there is a universal and ultimate principle in the
    administration.
    3. Deny value neutral interpretation
    fourth phase (1948-1970) Crisis of Identity
    • the discipline of public administration underwent a crisis of identity
    • Reason being challenge by behavioralists
    • The movement for autonomy of the subject received a severe setback.
    • Pfiffner and V.O. Key advocated the fusion of politics and administration.
    • D. Waldo called for the inclusion of policy issues and decision-making processes in the
    subject matter.
    • Paul Appleby in his Policy and Administration (1949) suggested that administration at a
    higher level is more generalized, political, and has a total governmental significance. At
    lower levels, it is less political and more particularistic. Therefore politics and
    administration is linked.
    • Political Science overshadowed the growth and development of Public Administration
    as a separate discipline.
    • Administrative theorists of this time recognized the relationship of
    public administration with politics.
    • As a result, public administration became dependent on political
    science.
    • In this situation, there is confusion about what is the discussion area of
    public administration.
    • To overcome from this identity crisis, public administration came to be
    seen as an interdisciplinary subject.
    • In this phase, several sub-topics emerge in the subject matter of public
    administration such as comparative public administration and
    developmental administration
    fifth phase (1971 onwards) Public Policy
    Perspective
    • Public Administration acquired interdisciplinary character
    • Minnowbrook Conference (1968) and subsequent publication of its
    proceedings by Frank Marini titled Towards a New Public Administration
    formulated basic postulates of New Public Administration.
    • rejected the value-neutral position of administration and focused on
    morality, ethics, and values.
    • emphasized moral and political philosophy for administrators
    • Advocated that administrators must be proactive and client-oriented
    rather than being exclusively concerned with the virtues of economy
    and efficiency in administration.
    • Another recent development of the administration is the discussion of
    public policy perspective.
    • It gained popularity through pluralistic interpretations, communication
    theories, and The Science of Muddling through.
    • The aim of this theory is to establish which social, political and
    economic or personal forces are effective in policy making.
    • Robert A. Dahl, James Wilson, Charles E. Lindblom, Yehezkel Dror,
    Vincent Ostrom, all point out the mutual importance of different forces
    (social, political and economic, environmental) in policy making.
    Features of the present stage
    • Advocates:
    1. bureaucratic responsiveness,
    2. citizen participation in decision-making,
    3. social equity, and
    4. administrative responsibility for program effectiveness
    5. Promoting public service ethic.

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