Welcome

Dengue (DENG-gey) fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in

tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mild dengue fever causes a
high fever and flu-like symptoms.
 Presentation On

Diagnostic Approach &

Management of Dengue Syndrome

Presented By-
Dr. Riaj Uddin Shiblu
MBBS, DCH (In Course)
FCPS - I (Pediatrics),
Institute Of Child Health,
Chattogram Maa O Shishu Hospital Medical College.
Dengue is the most common and important Arthropod
borne viral (Arboviral) illness in human. The incidence
of dengue has increased dramatically in recent year and
estimated that 40-50% of worlds population are at risk of
the disease.
 Epidemiology
The epidemiology of dengue exhibits a complex relationship among host (man and
mosquito), agent (virus) and the environment. These relationship determines the
level of endemicity in an area. The transmission of dengue remains low due to
extremes of temperature with low relative humidity. Temperatures in the range of
25oC ± 5oC, relative humidity around 80% and innumerable small water collections
result high transmission.
 Dengue Virus & Vector
Dengue Virus: Dengue Virus (Flavi Virus Family) is a RNA virus. Single
Stranded enveloped virus. Dengue Virus has four serotypes-
1. DEN – 1
2. DEN – 2
3. DEN – 3
4. DEN – 4
DEN – 2 and DEN – 3 are the most prominent/pre valent types.

Vector:
1. Primary Vector: Female Aedes Aegypti
2. Secondary Vector: Female Aedes Albopictus
Transmission Cycle
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation of Dengue Infection

Many patients infected with dengue virus remain

asymptomatic. Others, after an incubation period of 4-7
(range 3-14) days, develop a febrile illness the
manifestations of which are similar and overlapping in
nature grouped into 'Dengue Syndromes' which
encompass the following:
• Undifferentiated fever
• DF
• DHF
• Expanded Dengue Syndrome (rare)
 Asymptomatic Infection

Majority of dengue virus infections are asymptomatic.

However age appears to influence the prevalence of
symptomatic disease. The majority of infections in
children under age 15 years are asymptomatic or
minimally symptomatic.
 Symptomatic

Dengue fever
Typically, the onset of DF is sudden with a sharp rise in temperature and is frequently associated
with a flushed face and headache. Occasionally, chills accompany the sudden rise in
temperature. The following features are usually observed:
• retro-orbital pain on eye movement or pressure on eye
• photophobia
• backache, and pain in the muscles and joints/bones.
• The other common symptoms include anorexia and altered taste sensation, constip tion,
colicky pain and abdominal tenderness.
It is noteworthy that these symptoms and signs of DF vary markedly in frequency and severity.
Fever:
The body temperature is usually between 39°C and 40°C (102°F to 104°F) and the fever may
be biphasic, lasting 2-7 days in the majority of cases.
Rash:
• First 2 to 3 days-Diffuse flushing or fleeting eruptions may be seen on the face, neck and chest
• Third and fourth day-a conspicuous rash that may be maculopapular or rubelliform
• Afebrile period or defervescence - Petechiae surrounding scatiered pale, round areas of
normal skin may appear over the dorsum of the feet, on the legs, and on the hands and
arms. Skin itching maybe observed.
 Hemorrhagic manifestations

In DF with unusual hemorrhage, Petechiae may be present. Other bleeding such as massive
epistaxis, menorrhagia and gastrointestinal bleeding rarely occur in DF, complicated with
thrombocytopenia. Tourniquet test will be positive in this case.
 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

DHF is characterized by the acute onset of high fever and is associated with signs and symptoms
similar to DF in the early febrile phase. Critical phase with plasma leakage is the hallmark of DHF which occurs
soon after the end of the febrile phase. There is a tendency to develop hypovolemic shock (dengue shock
syndrome) due to plasma leakage.
Hemorrhagic Manifestation:
The clinical course of illness passes through the following three phases:
• Febrile phase
• Critical phase
• Convalescent phase
Febrile Phase
The onset of dengue fever is usually with sudden rise in temperature which may be biphasic,
lasting 2-7 days and commonly associated with headache, flushing and rash. There may be pain in retro-orbital
area, muscles, joint or bone. Rash may be maculopapular or rubelliform and
usually appear after 3 or 4 days of fever and commonly seen in face, neck and other part of the
body which generally fades away in the later part of the febrile phase. Localized cluster of petechiae may appear
over upper and lower limbs.
 Critical Phase

DF/DHF patients usually go to critical phase after 3 to 4 days of onset of fever. During this critical
phase plasma leakage and high haemoconcentration are documented and patients
may develop hypotension. Abnormal haemostasis and leakage of plasma leads to shock, bleeding,
accumulation of fluid in pleural and abdominal cavity. High morbidity and mortality
in DHF/DSS are commonly associated with various organ involvements and metabolic
derangement. The period of plasma leakage usually persists for 36-48 hrs. Commonly in DHF,
platelet count is less than 100000 per/cumm of blood.

Evidence of Plasma leakage

• Haematocrit (HcT) - With the leakage of plasma there will increase in HcT. A 20% rise
of HcT from the baseline is indicative of significant plasma leakage.
• Ascites and pleural effusion may develop.
• non-fas..ng serum cholesterol (<100 mg/dl).
 Causes of bleeding in Dengue
Syndrome
• Abnormal cholangiogram • Decrease fibrinogen level
• Thrombocytopenia • Increase Level of fibrinogen
• Platelet dysfunction degradation product (FDP)
• Prothrombin complex deficiency • Increase level of D-Dimer
secondary to Liver involvement. • Consumptive coagulopathy
• Endothelial injury (activation of mononuclear
phagocytes)
• DIC and Prolong aPTT
• Sequestration of platelets
 Convalescent Phase
During the recovery phase the extracellular fluid which was lost
due to capillary leakage returns to the circulatory system and signs
and symptoms improve. This phase usually after 6-7 days of fever
and last for 2-3 days. Longer convalescence may be expected in
some of the patients with severe shock, organ involvement and
other complications which may require specific treatment. Patient
may develop pulmonary oedema due to fluid overload if the fluid
replacement is not optimized carefully.
 Dengue Shock Syndrome
Significant loss of plasma leads to hypovolemic shock. Even in these shock cases, prior to
intravenous fluid therapy, pleural effusion and ascites may not be detected clinically. Radiographic
and ultrasound evidence of plasma leakage precedes clinical detection. A right lateral decubitus chest
radiograph to detect pleural effusion and gall bladder wall oedema is associated with plasma leakage
and may precede the clinical detection.
Dengue Shock Syndrome is a presentation of Dengue Syndromes when there is criteria of DHF plus
signs of circulatory failure, manifested by:
• Rapid and weak pulse
• Narrow pulse pressure (≤ to 20 mm Hg)
• Hypotension for age
• Cold clammy skin
• Restlessness
• Undetectable pulse and blood pressure
Factor responsible for DHF/DSS
 Presence of enhancing and non neutralizing antibodies
 Age: susceptibility to DHF/DSS drops significantly after 12 yrs of age.
 Sex: females more often affected than males.
 Race: Caucasians more often affected than blacks.
 Nutritional status: malnutrition is protective.
 Sequence of infection: example, serotype 1 followed by serotype 2 is more
dangerous than serotype 4 followed by serotype 2
 Infecting serotype: type 2 more dangerous than others
 Infecting genotype: Asian type 2 causes DHF/DSS while American type is not
responsible for the illness.
 Expanded dengue syndrome/ Isolated
organopathy (unusual manifestations)

Patients with dengue illness can sometimes develop unusual manifestations such as
involvement of liver, kidneys, brain or heart with or without evidence of fluid leakage and
therefore do not necessarily fall into the category of DHF. These conditions are very rare and
management is symptomatic. Such unusual manifestations may be associated with coinfections
and comorbidi-ties. However, these manifestations if seen in DHF patients are mostly a result
of prolonged shock leading to organ failure.
 Diagnosis
By clinical features and from laboratory supports

Investigation: C) Blood for SGOT, SGPT: Raised

A) Dengue Diagnostic Test D) Blood for PT, aPTI: May be prolonged
 Blood for NS1 antigen (Non-structural protein1) E) Chest X-Ray (decubitus view): To detect pleural effusion
• Becomes Positive on the first day of illness F) Ultrasonography of chest and abdomen: to assess pleural
• Becomes negative from day 4-5 of illness effusions or ascites.
 Blood for Dengue IgM and IgG G) Other tests:
• Can be detected after 5 days of the onset of fever • Urine R/M/E: Albuminuria
• Highest level achieved after 7 days • Stool test: Occult blood is often indicated (especially for
 Nucleic Acid Detection: RT-PCR Dengue expanded syndrome): Serum Albumin, Liver Function
 Dengue Virus Isolation Tests, Renal Function test, Serum electrolytes, Imaging, ECG,
Echocardiography, CSF etc.
B) Complete Blood Count • ABG: Metabolic acidosis
 Hemoglobin percentage - Anaemia • BUN: increased
 TC (leukopenia). Leukopenia <5000 cells/cmm indicates that • RBS: hypoglycemia
within the next 24 hours, the patient will have defervescence • S.calcium: hypocalcemia
of fever and he will be entering the critical phase
 A regular haematocrit is more important than platelet counts for
 Platelet count: Reduced
management Even in severe dengue especially with shock. Hourly
 Haematocrit: Raised A≥20% rise in haematocrit form the haematocrit is crucial for management.
baseline is indicative of significant plasma eakage.  Once platelet count begins to rise and reaches ≥ 50,000 mm3, daily lab
evaluations may be discontinued.
 Management of Dengue Syndrome
This clinical guide uses three categories for case management (A, B, C) based on the model
of case classification that follows after a patient has fulfilled the criteria for probable
dengue.

Continued….
 Management of Dengue Syndrome
Patients Group A: These are patients who are dengue patients without warning sign and
they may be sent home. These patients are able to tolerate adequate volumes of oral fluids,
pass urine at least once every six hours.

These patients will be advised to

• adequate bed rest
• adequate fluid intake (> 6 glasses for an average-sized adult, or accordingly in children)
- e.g. milk, fruit juice (caution with diabetes patient), oral rehydration solution (ORS) or
barley/rice water/coconut water Note: Plain water alone may cause electrolyte
imbalance
• take paracetamol (not more than 3 grams per day for adults; 10-15 mg/kg/dose,nnot
more than 3 to 4 􀆟mes in 24 hours in children)
• Tepid sponging
• look for mosquito breeding places in and around the home and eliminate them

Continued….
 Management of Dengue Syndrome
These patients will be advised to avoid
• Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), mefenemic acid, ibuprofen or other NSAIDs
• Steroids
• Antibiotics
If any of following is observed, the patient should be immediately taken to the nearest
hospital; these are warning signs for danger:
Bleeding:
− red spots or patches on the skin
− bleeding from nose or gums
− vomiting of blood
− black-coloured stools
− heavy menstruation/vaginal bleeding
• Frequent vomiting or not able to drink
• Severe abdominal pain
• Drowsiness, mental confusion or seizures
• Pale, cold or clammy hands and feet
• Difficulty in breathing
• Postural dizziness
• No urine output for 4–6 hours

Continued….
 Management of Dengue Syndrome
Patients Group B: These include patients with warning signs. These are patients who should be
admitted for in-hospital management for close observation as they approach the critical phase.
Rapid fluid replacement in patients with warning signs is the key to prevent progression to the
shock state.

Warning Sign
 No clinical improvement or worsening of the situation just before or during the transition to
afebrile phase or as the disease progresses.
 Persistent vomiting.
 Severe abdominal pain.
 Lethargy and/or restlessness, sudden behavioural changes.
 Bleeding: Epistaxis, black stool, haematemesis, excessive menstrual bleeding, dark colored
urine (haemoglobinuria) or haematuria.
 Giddiness.
 Pale, cold and clammy hands and feet.
 Less/no urine output for 4 – 6 hours
 Liver enlargement > 2cm
 Haematocrit >20%

Continued….
 Management of Dengue Syndrome
Those with co - existing conditions or risk factors may need careful monitoring
andhospitalization even without warning signs :

• Pregnancy
• Infancy
• old age
• Obesity
• diabetes mellitus
• Hypertension
• heart failure
• renal failure
chronic hemolytic diseases such as (sickle - cell disease and autoimmune
diseases)those with certain social circumstances (such as living alone, or
living far from a health facility without reliable means of transport).

Continued….
 Management of Dengue Syndrome
Management of Patients in Group B
 Obtain a reference haematocrit before intravenous fluid therapy begins.
 Intravenous fluid therapy in DHF during the critical period.
Indications for IV fluid:
 When the patient cannot have adequate oral fluid intake or is vomiting.
 When HcT continues to rise 10%–20% despite oral rehydration.
 Impending shock/shock.
he general principles of fluid therapy in DHF include the following:
The following fluids are recommended both crystalloids and colloids
Crystalloids
1. 0.9% NaCl (isotonic normal saline solution) (0.9%NS) (Preferable)
2. 0.45% half strength normal saline solution (0.45%NS) (For children <6 months)
3. 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (5%DRL)
4. 5% dextrose in acetated Ringer's solution (5%DRA)
5. Hartman solution (Preferable)
Colloids
1. Plasmasol
2. Dextran 40
3. Human Albumin
4. Plasma
5. Hemaceel
Continued….
6. Blood & Blood Components
Management of Dengue Syndrome

Fluid Requirement:
 The fluid requirement, both oral and intravenous, in critical phase (48 hours) is calculated as M+5%
(maintenance + 5% deficit).
 5% deficit is calculated as 50 ml/kg up to 50kg.

Calculations for normal maintenance of intravenous fluid Infusion:

Normal maintenance fluid per hour can be calculated on the basis of the following formula*
(equivalent to Holliday - Segar formula):

4 ml/kg/hr for first 10 kg body weight

+ 2 ml/kg/hr for next 10 kg body weight
+ 1 ml/kg/hr for subsequent kg body weight

Continued….
 Management of Dengue Syndrome

Fluid Management- Group B (Children with warning signs)

Example: In a child weighing 10 kg, the star􀆟ng fluid should be (1.5 x 10) = 15 ml/hr
(15 μdrops/min). If needed, escala􀆟on should be done @ 3 ml/kg/hr (3x10) = 30 ml/hr (30
μdrops/min), Then 5 ml/kg/hr (5x10) = 50 ml/hr (50 μdrops/min) and subsequently like this.

Continued….
Management of Dengue Syndrome

Continued….
 Management of Dengue Syndrome

Patients Group C : These are patients with severe dengue who require
emergency treatment and urgent referral because they are in the critical
phase of the disease and have:
 Severe plasma leakage leading to dengue shock and/or fluid accumulation
with respiratory distress.
 Severe organ impairment (hepatic damage, renal impairment).
 Myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy or encephalitis.
 Severe metabolic abnormalities (metabolic acidosis, severe
hypocalcaemia etc).

Continued….
Compensated & Decompensated
Shock
C. Dengue Shock Syndrome Management
C. Dengue Shock Syndrome Management
 When to stop fluid theray
 cessation of plasma leakage;
 stable BP, pulse and peripheral perfusion;
 hematocrit decreases in the presence of a good pulse volume;
 apyrexia (without the use of antipyretics) for more than 24–48 hours;
 resolving bowel/abdominal symptoms;
 improving urine output.
 Continuing intravenous fluid therapy beyond the 48 hours of the critical phase
 will put the patient at risk of pulmonary oedema and other complications
 such as thrombophlebitis.
 Sign of Recovery
 Stable pulse, blood pressure and breathing rate.
 Normal temperature.
 No evidence of external or internal bleeding.
 Return of appetite.
 No vomiting, no abdominal pain.
 Good urinary output.
 Stable hematocrit at baseline level.
 Convalescent confluent petechiae rash or itching, especially on the extremities
Discharge Criteria
 No fever for at least 24 hours without the usage of antipyretic drugs
 At least two days have lapsed after recovery from shock
 Good general condition with improving appetite
 Normal HcT at baseline value or around 38 - 40 % when baseline value is not
known
 No distress from pleural effusions
 No ascites
 Platelet count has risen above 50,000 /mm3
 No other complications
 Don’t Give

 Do not give aspirin or NSAID for the treatment of fever.

 Avoid giving blood transfusion or platelet concentrate unless there is hemorrhage
and bleeding, fall in HcT or severe bleeding.
 Do not use antibiotics per see for dengue syndromes.
 Do not change the infusion rate of fluid rapidly or abruptly i,e, avoid rapidly
increasing or rapidly slowing the infusion rate of fluids.
 Insertion of nasogastric tube to determine concealed bleeding or to stop bleeding
(by cold lavage) is not recommended since it is hazardous.
 Avoid IM injection.
 Avoid tooth brushing in presence of gum bleeding.
Dengue Prevention and Control
1) Integrated vector management (IVM)
Following approaches are to be taken for IVM.
• Larval source reduction is the main tool for vector control. Effective control requires a concerted effort among
the government agencies, NGOs and communities.
• Community understanding and involvement remains the key for implementation of preventive and control
activities. The control measures should be implemented at personal, community and institutional levels.
2) Household level actions
• Wearing protective clothing such as full sleeved shirts and full pants during day time
• Use of mosquito coils, aerosols, mats etc
• Use of mosquito net (preferably insecticide-treated) even during day time
• Use of repellents and creams during the day
• Placing screens/wire mesh on doors and windows
• Water in containers (earthen jars, cement tanks, jerry can, tyre etc.) should not be allowed to be stored for more
than five days
Continued….
Dengue Prevention and Control
3) Community level actions
• Raising awareness regarding community involvement and participation about prevention and control of dengue.
• Involving community in source reduction for prevention and control of dengue.
• Cleaning and covering water storage, keeping surroundings clean, improving basic sanitation measures
• Promoting use of insecticide treated nets and curtains
• Mobilizing households to cooperate during spraying / fogging
4) Institutional level action
• Hospitalized patients should be kept under mosquito net during febrile phase even during day time
• Cleaning of larval habitats like overhead tanks, ground water storage tanks, air coolers, planters, flower
vases etc every five days
• Carrying out indoor and outdoor space spraying (fogging, ULV etc.)
• Promoting personal protection measures
• Notification of fever cases to health authorities
Thank You