05 Finite Automata

Finite Automata
Lecture 9
Faryal Shamsi
Lecturer Computer Science
Sukkur IBA University

Finite Automaton (FA)
• Finite Automata is another way of defining languages
• We have already covered Set Theory and Regular Expressions

• Finite automata are good models for computers with an extremely
limited amount of memory.
Simple Automaton
5
Acceptance of Inputs
• Given a sequence of inputs (input string ), start in the start state and
follow the transition from each symbol in turn.
• Input is accepted if you wind up in a final (accepting) state after all

inputs have been read.
Finite Accepter
Input
String
Output
“Accept”
Finite or
Automaton “Reject”
Finite Accepter
Input
then
Output
Finite “Accept”
Automaton
Finite Accepter
Input
them
Output
Finite “Reject”
Automaton
Simple Automaton
Binary String Accepter
Input
String
Output
“Accept”
Finite or
Automaton “Reject”
Input
0101
Output
Finite “Accept”
Automaton
Input
1012
Output
Finite “Reject”
Automaton
Formal Definition of FA
class FiniteAutomata { S0
public static void main(String[] args) {
int state=0;
String input = “1010"; 0,1
for(int i=0;i<input.length();i++) {
state=transitionFunction(state,input.charAt(i));
} S1
if (state==1) // State S1 0,1
System.out.println("String Accepted");
if (state==0) // State S2
System.out.println("String Rejected");
}
static int transitionFunction (int q, char c) { S0
if (q==0)
if(c=='0' || c=='1') 0,1
{
System.out.println("State 0 to 1");
return 1; S1
} 0,1
else{
System.out.println("ERROR");
}
if (q==1)
{
if(c=='0' || c=='1')
{
System.out.println("State 1 to 1");
S0
return 1;
}
else{
System.out.println("ERROR");
0,1
return 0;
}
}
else
S1
{
System.out.println("ERROR"); 0,1
return 0;
} } }
Formal Definition of FA
https://
www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-program-to-simulate-nondeterminist
ic-finite-automata-nfa
/
Input Alphabet
  a, b
a, b
q5
b a a, b
a b
q0 a q1 b q2 b q3 a q4
19
Set of States
Q  q0 , q1, q2 , q3 , q4 , q5 
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
Initial State q0
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
Set of Final States
a, b
F = {q4}
q5
a a, b
b a b
Set of Final States
F = {q3,q4}
Transition Function
 :Q  Q
 (q , x )  q 
q x q
Describes the result of a transition

from state q with symbol x
 q0 , a   q1
a, b
q5
b a a, b
a b
 q0 , b   q5
a, b
q5
b a a, b
a b
 q2 , b   q3
a, b
q5
b a a, b
a b
Transition Table
 a b
q0 q1 q5
q1 q5 q2 a, b
q2 q5 q3
q3 q4 q5 q5
q4 q5 q5 a, b
b a a b
q5 q5 q5 q0 a q1 b q2 b q3 a q4
Extended Transition Function
 :Q    Q
* *
 (q ,w )  q 
*
Describes the resulting state

after scanning string w from state q
 * q0 , ab   q2
a, b
q5
b a a, b
a b
 * q0 , abba   q4
a, b
q5
b a a, b
a b
 * q0 , abbbaa   q5
a, b
q5
b a a, b
a b
Observation: There is a walk from q to q
with label w
 * q, w  q
q w q
states may be repeated
w   1 2  k
1 2 k
q q
Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI
Special case:
for any state q
 q ,    q
*
Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI

Language of an Automaton
• The set of strings accepted by an automaton A is the language of A.

• Denoted L(A).
• Different sets of final states -> different languages.

• Example: As designed, L(Tennis) = strings that determine the winner.
Why FAs ??? – Applications
• Used for both design and verification of circuits and communication

protocols.
• Used for many text-processing applications.
• An important component of compilers.
• Used in Machine Learning to define patterns of events, etc.

A Complex Automaton
• Consider a Tennis Match
Scoring a Game
• One person serves throughout.
• To win, you must score at least 4 points.
• You also must win by at least 2 points.
• Inputs are s = “server wins point” and o = “opponent wins point.”

Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
o s
30-Love
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love s
30-15 40-30
s s s
o o o
Love 15-all 30-all o deuce
s s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s o
s
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o
o Ad-out
Love-40
o
o
Opp’nt
Wins
Formal Definition of Finite Automata
Alphabet   {a , b }
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
For every state, there is a transition for every

symbol in the alphabet
Initial Configuration
Input String
a b b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
Reading the Input
a b b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
a b b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
a b b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
a b b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
Input finished
a b b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
Output: “accept”
Rejection
a b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
a b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
a b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
a b a
a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
Input finished
a b a
a, b
Output:
q5 “reject”
a a, b
b a b
Another Rejection

a, b
q5
a a, b
b a b
Input

Input Finished (no symbol read)
a, b
Output: q5
“reject” a a, b
b a b
Another Example
a a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
a a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
a a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
a a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
Input finished
a a b
a a, b
Output: “accept”
q0 b q1 a, b q2
Rejection
b a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
b a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
b a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
b a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
Input finished
b a b
a a, b
q0 b q1 a, b q2
Output: “reject”
Example: Processing a String
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s s s
o o o
Love 15-all 30-all deuce
o s
* o
Love-15
s
o
15-30
s
s
30-40
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
Start
*
15-Love
s
o s
40-15 o
s
o
30-15 40-30
s s s
o o o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s
o * s
o
s
o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
40-15
Start 15-Love
s
o *
30-15
s
o
40-30 s
o
s s s
o o o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s
Love
o
15-all
s
o *
30-all
s
o
deuce
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
40-15
Start 15-Love
s
o
30-15
s
o
40-30
* s
o
s s s
o o o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s
o
s
o
s
o *
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
s
40-Love s *
s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s s s
o o o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s
Love
o
15-all
s
o
30-all
s
o *
deuce
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
s
40-Love s *
s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s s s
o o o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s
Love
o
15-all
s
o
30-all
s
o *
deuce
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs
Server
s Wins
s
40-Love s *
s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s s s
o o o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
sosososososs *
Server
s Wins
40-Love s
s s Ad-in
30-Love o s
s 40-15 o
o s o
Start 15-Love 30-15 40-30 s
s s s
o o o
o s
s s
o o
15-30 30-40
Love-15 s
s o
o o s
Love-30 15-40
s o
o Ad-out
Love-40 o
o
o Opp’nt
Wins
Variation in FAs
• DFA
• Deterministic Finite Automata
• NFA
• Non-deterministic Finite Automata
Formal Definition of DFA
Formal Definition of NFA
Difference between DFA and NFA
• Every state of a DFA always has exactly one exiting transition arrow for
each symbol in the alphabet, an NFA violates this rule.
A Non Deterministic Finite Automata
Transition Graph
An Example
of a
TG
or
Transition Graph
Every FA is a TG
Understanding EVEN-EVEN
• Consider a language that accepts only even number of a’s and b’s
•  = {aa,bb,aabb,abba,baab,bbaa,….}
• Write a Regular Expression

• Draw an FA
TG for EVEN-EVEN
FA for EVEN-EVEN
a
q1 q2
a
b b b
b
a
q3
q4
a
RE for EVEN-EVEN
• (aa + bb)* + ( (ab+ba) (aa+bb)* (ab+ba) )*

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Finite Automata

Sukkur IBA University

• Finite Automata is another way of defining languages

• We have already covered Set Theory and Regular Expressions

• Input is accepted if you wind up in a final (accepting) state after all

Describes the result of a transition

Describes the resulting state

states may be repeated

for any state q

Courtesy Costas Busch - RPI

• The set of strings accepted by an automaton A is the language of A.

• Different sets of final states -> different languages.

• Used for both design and verification of circuits and communication

• Used for many text-processing applications.

• An important component of compilers.

• Used in Machine Learning to define patterns of events, etc.

• Inputs are s = “server wins point” and o = “opponent wins point.”

For every state, there is a transition for every

• Write a Regular Expression

• (aa + bb)* + ( (ab+ba) (aa+bb)* (ab+ba) )*

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