Arts in the Philippines

Sathur Lucky C. Escuadro

 OBJECTIVES

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define contemporary arts;
2. describe the art forms from the various regions through
the development of
Philippine arts; and
3. describe various contemporary art forms from the regions
based on the
elements and principles of arts.
Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of
the correct answer. Write the
chosen
1. In this letter on a separate
art tradition, sheetprimarily
art forms were of paper.
influenced by
the area where our
ancestors prosper.
a. Ethnic Tradition c. American Colonial Tradition
b. Spanish Colonial Tradition d. Contemporary Art Tradition
2. In this art tradition, art forms were primarily influenced by
religion.
a. Ethnic Tradition c. American Colonial Tradition
b. Spanish Colonial Tradition d. Contemporary Art Tradition
forms
3. In this practice of art, the main theme of artworks is
national identity.
a. American Art c. Modern Art
b. Contemporary Art d. Spanish Art
4. In this practice of art, artworks mirrors contemporary
culture and society.
a. American Art c. Modern Art
b. Contemporary Art d. Spanish Art
5. This element of art can be illustrated as horizontal,
vertical, curve, or circular.
a. Color c. Line
b. Form d. Shape
6. Cone, sphere, and cylinder are some examples to
illustrate this element of art.
a. Color c. Line
b. Form d. Shape
7. This principle of art represents a pattern in an art caused
by the repetition of
8. Which of the following artworks is made during the Ethnic
Tradition of Philippine
Arts?
a. Manunggul Jar c. St. Metropolitan Cathedral
b. The Oblation d. Spoliarium by Juan Luna
9. Which of the following artworks is made during the
Spanish Colonial Tradition of
Philippine Arts?
a. Manunggul Jar c. St. Metropolitan Cathedral
b. The Oblation d. Art Installation
10. Which of the following artworks is considered as
Contemporary Art?
a. Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series) by Federico Aguilar
Alcuaz
b. Angono Petroglyphs discovered by Carlos “Botong”
Francisco
c. The Making of the Philippine Flag by Fernando Amorsolo
d. Langit, Lupa, at Impyerno by Josef Luciano Dans
11. Which of the following is a principle of art?
a. Form c. Movement
12. Which of the following is an element of art?
a. Balance c. Harmony
b. Color d. Proportion
13. Which of the following statement/s is/are false?
Statement 1: Modern Art refers to the practice of art from
1970s to the present.
Statement 2: Contemporary Art refers to the practice of art
from 1860s to the 1960s.
a. Only Statement 1 is false. c. Both statements are false.
b. Only Statement 2 is false. d. Both statements are not
14. Which of the following statement/s is/are false?
Statement 1: Balance, proportion, and texture are principles
of art.
Statement 2: Color, line, and shape are elements of art.
a. Only Statement 1 is false. c. Both statements are false.
b. Only Statement 2 is false. d. Both statements are not
false.
15. Which of the following statement/s is/are true?
Statement 1: Elements and principles of art help viewers to
understand arts.
Art or “Sining” is defined as the different manners of
expressing human skills and
imagination in the creation of aesthetic conditions, objects
and presentations. Art is not
confined only to what is seen. Art involves the use of all the
physical senses in order to
appreciate it.
Arts play a significant role in the abundant cultural identity
of the Philippines. It
reflects the people, history, and traditions of the Philippines
as a whole.

With that, let

us check your ideas about Philippine arts.
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer by supplying
five words that you think
relates Philippine Arts. Then, write three sentences that
explain why you think those
words are associated with the given main idea. Write your
answer on the answer sheet
provided.
Philippine
Arts
Philippines has diverse art forms from its different regions.
These diverse art
forms, when integrated, give a clear picture of how
abundant the culture and tradition
of the Philippines is. It continues to evolve up to the present
and progress to
contemporary art tradition.
As a Filipino, we should have the knowledge about the
different art forms in the Philippines to fully understand the
culture, tradition, and
nation’s identity.
 Activity 1
To start your learning of
the different art forms in the Philippines, examine the
following images of arts and
process your thoughts with the help of the guide questions
below. (Manunggul Jar, The Making of the Philippine Flag,
Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series)
 Activity 1
These are the guide questions:
1. What do the pictures of arts present?
2. How these arts reflect the Philippine’s culture and
tradition and the
development of Philippine arts?
 The Development of Art Forms in the Philippines

The development of the Philippine arts comes in three

major traditions. These are
the Ethnic Tradition, Spanish Colonial Tradition, and
American Colonial and
Contemporary Arts Traditions. Even before the
colonization, the Philippines already has
its indigenous arts.
 1. Ethnic Tradition

Characteristics/Features: Art forms are primarily influenced

by the geographical
location and the experiences of the Filipinos (Luzviminda &
Sayseng, 2016).
In this time, the purpose of arts is integral to life. Arts
reflected the pagan beliefs and practices,everyday activity
such as fishing and farming, and specific decorative art
pattern to the community.
 Examples

Angono Petroglyphs
The Angono Petroglyphs is
situated in Binangonan,
Rizal. It was discovered by the
National Artist, Carlos
“Botong” Francisco, in 1965.
There are 127 human and animal figures engraved on the
rock wall and dated back to circa late Neolithic.
Manunggul Jar
Manunggul jar is found in
Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point,
Palawan in the early 1960s.
Manunggul jar is a burial jar which
signifies the belief of early Filipino in
life after death.
Banga
Banga literally means pots. The
Banga or pot dance is a performance
of Kalinga of the Mountain Province
of the Philippines. This dance shows
the elegant grace of Igorot tribe and
the skill and strength of women.
 2. Spanish Colonial Tradition

Characteristics/Features:
Art forms were primarily influenced by religion and
secularization. In this time, Spaniards used arts to
propagate the Catholic faith.
Langit, lupa, at Impyerno
by Josef Luciano Dans
This wall painting by Josef Luciano Dans
will be found in St. James the Apostle
Church in Paete, Laguna. This
painting was dated 1850 and depicts the
heaven, crucifixion of Christ; earth, Adan
and Eve; and hell, sinners with different
transgressions.
St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral
St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral
is located in Burgos, Vigan City,
Ilocos Sur. The original structure
was built in 1574 and replaced as a church in 1641. The
cathedral follows a Baroque architectural design.American
Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions Modern Art
Modern art refers to the practice of art from 1860s to 1960s.
the main theme of art works in this time is national
identity.The Making of the Philipp
3. American Colonial & Contemporary Arts Traditions

Characteristics/Features: Modern Art

Modern art refers to the practice of art from 1860s to

1960s. the main theme of art works in this time is national
identity.
The Making of the Philippine Flag
by Fernando Amorsolo

This painting was made by

Fernando Amorsolo, “Grand Old
Man of Philippine Art” and born
in Manila. It shows a reminder of the reminder of
traditions and customs of the Filipino.
Bayanihan
by Carlos “Botong” Francisco
Carlos “Botong” Francisco was
born in Ango, Rizal. This
painting by him was dated in
1962. This mural painting of
Carlos “Botong” Francisco shows the Filipino’s bayanihan
tradition. This also shows the distinctive style of
Francisco’s painting that showcased his mastery in arts.
Characteristics/Features:Contemporary Arts
Contemporary art refers to the practice of art from 1970s to
the present. Contemporary arts mirror contemporary culture
and society. Diverse and emerging art practices
were being introduced in this era.
Cinco Marias (Tres Marias
Series)
by Federico Aguilar Alcuaz
Federico Aguilas Alcuaz was
born in Santa Cruz, Manila.
Cinco Marias (Tres Marias
Series) depicts the variety of
domestic activities (Guillermo, 2007).
Art Installation in Sand Dunes of Paoay
by Leeroy New
Leeroy New is one of the
Philippines contemporary
artists. He is born in General
SANTOS City. This art installation
of Leeroy New was
made for the La Milagrosa Festival in Ilocos Norte.
According to Leeroy New, the art installation symbolizes
the great festivals, feasts and celebrations (Lape𝑛̃a, 2012).
 These art forms from various regions or from various
artists contributed to the
picture of Philippine’s identity as a country. And as a
Filipino, it’s important that we have knowledge to describe
these art forms based on its details and elements, in
relation
to our country’s culture and tradition, that makes it an
artistic piece.
 Elements of Art

1. Space
In visual arts, space pertains to
emptiness which may either be
positive space or negative space.
Positive space refers to a part which
is enclosed in a shape, while negative
space refers to the opposite part which the shape is
enclosing.
2. Line
In visual arts, a line is a series of
connected points. It may come
in two characteristics: form – curved,
dotted, or broken lines;
and direction – vertical, horizontal,
or diagonal lines. Different
types of lines may convey different meanings.
• horizontal line - calmness
• vertical line - strength
• diagonal lines - impression of action
• curved lines - expression of gradual change of direction
• circular line - may pertain an abrupt change of direction
3. Shape and Form
– Shape - two dimensional figures
with height and width.
– Forms - are
three dimensional figures. Its
dimensions are height, width, and
volume.
4. Color
In visual arts, color is associated with the natural
phenomenon in our environment. These colors may pertain
to lightness, darkness, coolness, or warmth.
5. Value
In visual arts, value is considered a
property of a color which pertains to
its lightness or darkness.
6. Texture
In visual arts, texture is the element that appeals to our
sense of feel on things,
rough, smooth, bumpy, or slippery. It pertains to the surface
of an art piece.
 Principles of Art
1. Proportion
Proportion refers to the relationship of the size of elements
in a body of art. For
example, when drawing a human standing beside a house,
it is important to
ensure that the size of the human is proportional to the size
of the house.
2. Harmony
In visual arts, harmony is the unity of the artwork,
specifically about the
arrangement of the related elements.
3. Variety
In other terms, variety may be referred to as diversity. This
means adding
multiple, different elements to break the monotony of an
artwork and make it
more interesting.
4. Movement
In arts, movement is the illusion of motion in a painting,
sculpture design, or in
a piece of art.
5. Rhythm
This refers to the repetition of certain elements to produce a
pattern. In visual
arts, repeated design elements may create a certain flow
and may lead the viewer’s
eyes.
6. Balance
Balance refers to the even and equal distribution of
elements.

7. Emphasis
7. Emphasis
Emphasis is a principle which may refer to the greater
impact given on a certain
element.
These elements and principles of arts are essential to understand
the meaning of a piece of art clearly and deeply. In relation to that,
diverse art forms in the Philippines convey its meanings through the
elements and principles present to them. So, as we described some
art forms from the various regions through the development of
Philippine
arts, let’s use the elements and principles of arts to understand it.
 Activity 1: Applying Knowledge about Arts
A. Directions: Read and analyze the following statements. Write ET if the statement
describes Ethnic Tradition of Philippine arts, ST if it describes Spanish Colonial
Tradition, and ACT if it is American Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions
on the answer sheet provided.
_____ 1) Arts in this period thrived because of the primary influences of our
Filipino ancestors.
_____ 2) This period mirrors the contemporary culture and society; diverse and
emerging art practices were introduced.
_____ 3) Arts was used as one of the instruments to propagate the Catholic faith
in this era.
_____ 4) A practice of art was developed in this period wherein the themes of
artworks are about the Philippines' identity.
_____ 5) This period reflects the emerging development of Philippine art practices
that continue to develop from the 1970s to the present.
B. Directions: Determine the element or principle of arts
described in each statement.
A. Value B. Rhythm C. Balance D. Color
E. Form F. Lines G. Harmony H. Shape
_____ 1) It refers to the lightness or darkness of colors.
_____ 2) This element of art refers to the two-dimensional figures.
_____ 3) It refers to the even distribution of elements in a piece of art.
_____ 4) Vertical, curved, and diagonal are some representations of this
element
of art.
_____ 5) This principle of art refers to the repetition of certain elements that will
produce a pattern in a piece of art.
 Summary
1. Art or “Sining” is defined as different manners of expressing human skills and
imagination in the creation of aesthetic conditions, objects and presentations.
2. In Ethnic Tradition, art forms are primarily influenced by the geographical location
and the experiences of the Filipinos (Luzviminda & Sayseng, 2016).
3. In Spanish Colonial Tradition, art forms were primarily influenced by religion and
secularization.
4. Modern art refers to the practice of art from 1860s to 1960s. The main theme of art
works in this time is national identity.
5. Contemporary art refers to the practice of art from 1970s to the present.
Contemporary arts mirror contemporary culture and society.
6. The elements and principles of art is important not just to the artist but also to the
viewer, to have a deeper understanding of an artwork.
7. The elements of art are space, line, shape, form, color, value, and texture.
8. The principles of art are proportion, harmony, variety, movement, rhythm, balance,
and emphasis.
 Activity: My Own Artwork
Use the following guidelines below in making My Own Artwork:
1. Your artwork should depict Four Contemporary Filipino Cultures and integrate
three elements and two principles of art.
2. The materials needed are available coloring materials (oil pastels, crayons,
color
pencils, markers, etc.) and pencil.
3. Use the provided bond paper with indicated border line on the answer sheet.
4. Once you finish your artwork, take a picture of it and send it to your teacher
via
FB messenger or Google Classroom on the prescribed submission set by your
teacher. On the bottom of the picture of your artwork indicate your complete
name and section.
Directions: Read and answer the following questions being asked
below. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. How can you say that a visual

artwork has movement?
2. When do you say that an artwork
has harmony?
3. How can your knowledge of the
elements and principles of art help
you in appreciating the mural
painting of Carlos “Botong” Francisco entitled Bayanihan?
 Contemporary Art

-Contemporary Art is influenced by the economic, social,

political and environmental context where the artist is
immersed in.
-Contemporary
Art is the artist’s expression of his perception and
comprehension of these contexts.
-Contemporary
Philippine Art is not confined to the usual genres of the four
main art forms, namely,
visual, literary, applied and performing arts.
 Examples of Contemporary Art Forms

1. Visual Arts- pop art, word art, conceptual art, installation

art, photorealism art, contemporary realism, grafitti art.
2. Performance Arts-
-Music, blues, electronic, experimental, funk, hip-hop,
jazz, metal, pop, rock, roots
-Theater Art: stage, film, street play,
-Dance: flash mob, Street Dances comprising
hip_x0002_hop, funk, house and rave
3. Applied Arts- Video Art, Photography, Computer Art, Film
and Broadcasting Art, Architecture, Design and Allied Art
4. Literary Arts- Digi-Fiction, Manga, Blog, Doodle Fiction,
 Elements of Contemporary Art

1. Appropriation, this relates to the modifications made by the artist.

2. Hybridity, this refers in the use of different art mediums that are
put together.
3. Technology, its application highlights the creativity of the artist.
4. Performance, carried out for viewers to experience.
5. Space, intricate use of space.
These elements are combined in different ways to come up with
Integrative Art. Integrative Art employs the use of different art
elements used together in distinct different expressions.
Contemporary Art Forms from the Philippine Regions
The distinct features of Contemporary Philippine Art include:
1. Communal nature, as it reflects the relationships build around the bonds of
community and society.
2. Intuitive, as Filipinos are immersed in their consciousness of themselves,
their community and their culture.
3. Holistic, as individuals, groups of people and events are perceived in their
entirety as well as the unitive use of art materials and forms.
4. Creative process, as the artist puts more emphasis on now their artwork was
made than on the artwork itself.
5. Integrative, as it encompasses religious, moral, spiritual, social, and
environmental concerns.
6. Multi-focal, as it considers everything and everyone, the wide perspective of
the artwork as well as both artist and viewer.
1. The artworks and styles of the past have evolved and have adapted to a dynamic changing world,
a world immersed in the latest technology and emerging ideologies to become the Contemporary Art
of today.
2. Contemporary Art refers to art of any form and genre that produced in our contemporary time,
simply put as “art created today.”
3. Genres are categories of artistic creation and are characterized by similarities in form, style, or
subject matter.
4. Contemporary Art is expressions of the artist’s thoughts and feelings based on their experience of
the here and now which current events, issues and social concerns affecting the society where the
artist lives in.
5. Contemporary Philippine artists hail from the different regions of the country and they use a wide
variety of art media in their creations. These are materials that are readily available in the locality
where the artist resides.
6. Contemporary Arts have different elements that are put together to come up with a distinct artwork
like Performance, Appropriation, Technology, Hybridity and Space. (Mnemonics: PATHS)
7. The distinct features of Contemporary Philippine Art include Communal,
Holistic, Intuitive, Multi-focal, Integrative and Creative Process. (Mnemonics:
CHIMIC)
8. Contemporary Philippine Art considers not only the artist but also the
participation of the community through the viewers wherein the experience is
not solely confined to the creator of the art but also to the viewer of the art.
9. Integrative Art comes in different sizes and shapes, forms and styles as
observed
in Junk Art which is a sculptural rendition using discarded or used materials.
10. The combination of resourcefulness and creativity can bring out the artist
in
everyone.
 The role of diverse art forms from the different places of
the Philippines to the country’s culture, tradition, and
identity is highlighted and greatly appreciated in the
previous lessons. With that, let us check your ideas about
Arts in the Philippines.
Directions: Read each statement about various art forms in the Philippines.
Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
_______ 1. Dance, Theater and Music are kinds of visual arts.
_______ 2. Visual artworks of indigenous people are for their entertainment
only.
_______ 3. Vaudeville is one of the performance arts introduced to us by the
Americans.
_______ 4. People nowadays are experimenting and mixing forms when it
comes to
contemporary arts.
_______ 5. The colonizers have a significant influence on Philippine visual arts
and
is still prominent today.
 Various art forms are known from the different regions or
island groups of the Philippines; generally, from Luzon,
Visayas and Mindanao. Through these various art
forms, we tend to picture out the different practices of
Filipinos from the different regions that, when integrated,
describe what the Philippines is.
To start your learning of the different various art forms from
the different regions or island groups of the Philippines,
examine the following images of arts and process your
thoughts with the help of the guide questions below.
The Bonifacio Monument
Tinikling
The Archipelago by Cirilo F. Bautista
These are the guide questions:
1. Which of the following images of art is an example of literature?
2. Which of the following images of art is an example of dance?
3. Which of the following images of art is an example of sculpture?
4. What is the significance or importance of those art works depicted in
each
images?
 Painting

Painting the expression of ideas and emotions, with the

creation of certain
aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language.
The elements of this language
– its shapes, lines, colors, tones, and textures – are used in
various ways to produce
sensations of volume, space, movement, and light on a flat
surface. The first paintings
here in the Philippines are commissioned works during
Spanish colonization. Here are
 Luzon

The Sketch
by Victorio Edades
 Visayas

Magellan’s Cross
by Raul Agas
 Mindanao

Salaam (Peace)
by Rameer Tawasil
 Sculpture

The sculpture is an art form in which hard or plastic

materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects.
Filipino sculptors came to be known in the middle of the
19th century. These are some of the sculptures in the
Philippines.
 Luzon

The Bonifacio Monument By

Guillermo Tolentino
 Visayas

Sandugo (Blood Compact)

By Napoleon Abueva
 Mindanao

Six Ladies in Durian

By Kublai Millan
 Architecture
Architecture is the art and practice of designing and constructing
buildings (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus). In
relation to that, Philippine architecture was characterized as simple,
rational, and functional. In the 20th century, the young Filipino who
studied in American colleges and institutes introduced the neoclassic
style in building structures. However, after World War II, real estate
development started to take place (Sandagan & Sayseng, 2016). To
illustrate these architectural designs, these are some examples from
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
 Luzon

Cultural Center of the Philippines

By Leandro Locsin
 Visayas

Saint Andrew the Apostle

Church
By Leandro Locsin
 Mindanao

Pearl Farm Beach Resort

By Francisco Manosa
 Film

Film is a form of visual art use to imitate experiences that

communicate ideas, stories, or feelings with the use of
moving images. It is also called a movie or motion picture.
Moreover, the art form that is the result of the film is called
cinema (Faber & Walters, 2003). The film industry in the
Philippines started in 1897. In the contemporary period,
martyr wife, superhero, action, melodramas, and comedies
are some of the usual
subjects and themes in the Philippine films. Some films in
the Philippines are presented
below.
 Luzon

Himala
By Ishmael Bernal
 Visayas

Muro-Ami
By Marilou Diaz-Abaya
 Mindanao

Mindanao
By Brillante Mendoza
 Apart from visual arts, there are Philippine contemporary
art forms that can be described as literary arts. Literary arts
are an expression of ideas through writing.
Literary arts can be categorized as poetry, prose, and
drama. In the Philippines, literary
arts are greatly encountered in literature.
 Literature

According to Lombardi (2020), literature is a term used to

describe written and
sometimes spoken material. Derived from the Latin word
literature meaning "writing
formed with letters," literature most commonly refers to
works of the creative
imagination, including poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction, and
in some instances,
journalism, and song. These are some examples of
Philippine literature.
 Luzon

• A Blade of Fern by
Edith Ocampo
• I Saw the Fall of the
Philippines by Carlos
P. Romulo
 Visayas

• Panhayhay hin
Bungtohanon by
Francisco Alvarado
• An Higugma by
Iluminado Lucente
 Mindanao

• Dead Stars by H.O.

Santos
• Indarapatra at
Sulayman by
Bartolome Del Valle
 Furthermore, there are also Philippine contemporary art
forms that can be described as performance arts. A person
doing certain actions and movements in front
of an audience that go along with sound in a space and
time is called Performing Arts.
 Music and Theater
Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds.
According to Ramon P. Santos in his article entitles
Contemporary Music, Contemporary music in the
Philippines usually refers to compositions that have adopted
ideas and elements from twentieth-century art music in the
West, as well as the latest trends and musical styles in the
entertainment industry. Filipino Music had already a rich
and unique musical tradition long before westerners set foot
on our native land. Music was present in everystage of our
ancestors’ lives — from birth to death, in blissful or tragic
times. Below are some Music from the different Regions of
our country.
_____ 1) The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok (from Luzon)
_____ 2) Sabel in Blue by Ben Cabrera (from Luzon) A. Painting
_____ 3) A Scene from Argao by Raul Agas (from B. Sculpture
Visayas) C. Architecture
_____ 4) The Messenger in the Land by Danny
D. Music and Theater
Sillada (from Mindanao)
E. Dance
_____ 5) Ang Pipit by Levi Celerio (from Luzon)
F. Film
_____ 6) Bayan Ko by Freddie Aguilar (from
G. Literature
Mindanao)
_____ 7) Singkil by Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula (from
Mindanao)
_____ 8) The Heritage of Cebu Monument by Edgardo
Castrillo (from Visayas)
_____ 9) Tu Pug Imatuy by Arnel “Arbi” Barbarona
(from Mindanao)
_____ 10) It’s Just the Wind by Iluminado Lucente
(from Visayas)