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    The Search For Genetic Material

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    fefaw93458
    DNA is the genetic material in organisms and viruses. The search for genetic material began in the 19th century through experiments like Griffith's transforming principle experiment which showed that heat-killed bacteria could transform live bacteria. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty biochemically characterized DNA as the transforming principle by finding that only DNA could transform bacteria and induce virulence. Hershey and Chase further proved that DNA was the genetic material in viruses by labeling viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus and proteins with sulfur, then infecting bacteria and finding that the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria cells.

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    The Search For Genetic Material

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    fefaw93458
    49 views10 pages
    DNA is the genetic material in organisms and viruses. The search for genetic material began in the 19th century through experiments like Griffith's transforming principle experiment which showed that heat-killed bacteria could transform live bacteria. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty biochemically characterized DNA as the transforming principle by finding that only DNA could transform bacteria and induce virulence. Hershey and Chase further proved that DNA was the genetic material in viruses by labeling viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus and proteins with sulfur, then infecting bacteria and finding that the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria cells.

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    The Search for Genetic Material

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    DNA is the genetic material in organisms and viruses. The search for genetic material began in the 19th century through experiments like Griffith's transforming principle experiment which showed that heat-killed bacteria could transform live bacteria. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty biochemically characterized DNA as the transforming principle by finding that only DNA could transform bacteria and induce virulence. Hershey and Chase further proved that DNA was the genetic material in viruses by labeling viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus and proteins with sulfur, then infecting bacteria and finding that the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    49 views10 pages

    The Search For Genetic Material

    Uploaded by

    fefaw93458
    DNA is the genetic material in organisms and viruses. The search for genetic material began in the 19th century through experiments like Griffith's transforming principle experiment which showed that heat-killed bacteria could transform live bacteria. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty biochemically characterized DNA as the transforming principle by finding that only DNA could transform bacteria and induce virulence. Hershey and Chase further proved that DNA was the genetic material in viruses by labeling viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus and proteins with sulfur, then infecting bacteria and finding that the radioactive DNA entered the bacteria cells.

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    THE

    SEARCH
    FOR GENETIC
    MATERIAL
    BY: PRABHUDUTTA ACHARYA
    Introduction
    The molecules which determine the inheritance are known as genes and it consists of
    two parts known as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA
    acts as genetic material in all organisms except in viruses.

    The search for genetic material began in the 19th century. In 1952, Alfred Hershey and
    Martha Chase conducted experiments that proved DNA is genetic material. Their
    experiments used bacteriophages, which are viruses that affect bacteria.
    Transforming Principle
    Performed By: Frederick
     Griffith
    Griffith used two strains of bacteria: (1928)
    smooth (S) and rough (R).
     S strain caused pneumonia, R strain did not.
     This is because the smooth strain had a polysaccharide coat.
     He injected mice with different combinations of S and R strains.
     Live S-strain – Injected to mice – mice died.
     Live R-strain – Injected to mice – mice survived.
     Heat killed S-strain – Injected to mice – mice survived.
     Heat killed S-strain + Live R-strain – Injected to mice – mice died.
     He inferred that heat-killed S strain transformed R strain into S strain, making it virulent.
     He proposed that the transforming principle was the genetic material for the capsule of S
    strain.
    Transforming Principle
    Heat killed S-strain R-strain
    Transforming Principle
    Biochemical characterization of Transforming Principle
     Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1933 - 1944) performed the experiment to identify
    the transforming principle in Griffith’s experiment.
     They purified proteins, DNA, RNA and other molecules from heat-killed S strain
    bacteria and mixed them with live R strain bacteria.
     They tested which molecule could transform R strain into S strain by observing the
    presence of capsule and virulence.
     They found that only DNA could transform R strain into S strain, while other
    molecules had no effect.
     They confirmed that DNA was the transforming principle by using DNase enzyme to
    degrade DNA and inhibit transformation.
     They concluded that DNA was the genetic material that carried the information for
    the capsule of S strain.
    Biochemical characterization of Transforming Principle
    Heat killed S- Strain
    extracts

    Protease RNAse DNAse

    Mice Mice Mice

    Mice dies Mice dies Mice dies


    Hershey & Chase Experiment (1952)
     Hershey and Chase used bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to study
    the genetic material.
     They labelled the DNA of the phages with radioactive phosphorus-32 and the
    protein coats with radioactive sulfur-35.
     They infected nonradioactive bacteria with the labelled phages and separated
    the phages from the bacteria by blending and centrifuging.
     They measured the radioactivity in the phage and bacterial fractions.
     They found that most of the phosphorus-32 was in the bacteria, while most of
    the sulfur-35 was in the phages.
     They concluded that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material that entered the
    bacteria and directed the production of new phages.
    Hershey & Chase Experiment (1952)
    Properties of Genetic Material
     It should be stable both structurally and chemically.
     It should express itself in the form of Mendelian Characters.
     It should follow mutation for evolution.
     It should obey replication and therefore can able to replicate.
    Thank You!

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