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 CHAPTER 3:
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
• Discusses the overall plan of the research
and how the researchers will carry out the
data collection methods.
• Parts: Research design, sampling
techniques, research instruments, data
gathering procedure, and statistical
 RESEARCH
• A research designDESIGN
is the plan or framework
used to conduct a research study. It involves
outlining the overall approach and methods
that will be used to collect and analyze data to
answer research questions.
• Consider what approach you will use either
the Qualitative or Quantitative Approach.
 QUALITATIVE
• Understand subjective experiences,
beliefs, and concepts.
• Gain in-depth knowledge of a specific
context or culture.
• Explore under-researched problems and
generate new ideas.
 QUANTITATIVE
• Measure different types of variables and
describe frequencies, averages, and
correlations.
• Test hypothesis about relationships between
variables.
• Test the effectiveness of a new treatment,
program, or product.
APPROACHES IN
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN
 ETHNOGRAPHY
• From the word ethno=people and graphy= writing.
• Ethnography translates to writing about people. This
type of approach to qualitative research aims to
study a particular group of people in their natural
settings. This particular study wants to describe and
interpret the behavior of different kinds of people,
cultures or populations. This can pertain to a specific
type of culture, community, school, or workplace.
 CASE STUDY
• If you want to learn deeper and more specific details of
a certain situation, group of people, or an individual,
you may want to use a case study. The difference
between a case study with other approaches to
qualitative research is that it gives a more in-depth
analysis of a topic with the use of more data gathering
procedures at the same time. The problem with case
studies is that it’s more difficult to use especially if it is
your first time making a research paper.
 PHENOMENOLOGY
• This type of approach to qualitative research
wants to study the phenomenon or experiences
of people. The purpose of this approach is to
give an idea of how individuals or a group of
people react or experience a certain
phenomenon. A phenomenon can be a rare
occurrence or an experience of an individual that
 HISTORICAL
• It is a systematicAPPROACH
collection and evaluation of
information which have occurred in the past.
This can be in the form of documents, stories,
artifacts, videos, etc. What you want to do is
to examine the validity of these documents, or
if you want to add more information about a
past event that hasn’t yet emerged.
APPROACHES IN
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• The purpose of descriptive research is
basically to answer questions such as who,
what, where, when, and how much. So, this
design is best used when the main objective
of the study is just to observe and report a
certain phenomenon as it is happening.
 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• The main goal of this design is to determine if a
variable increases or decreases as another
variable increases or decreases. This design
seeks to establish an association between
variables. It has two major purposes: (a) to
clarify the relationship between variables and
(b) to predict the magnitude of the association.
 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
• This research design aims to measure the causal
relationship between variables. The effect
measured is considered to have occurred during
the conduct of the current study. The partiality
of quasi-experimental design comes from
assigning subjects, participants, or respondents
into their groups.
 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
• The groups are known to be already
established before the study, such as age
educational background, and nationality.
Since the assignment of subjects, participants,
or respondents are not randomly assigned into
experimental or control groups, the
conclusion of results is limited.
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• This research design is based on the scientific
method called experiment with a procedure of
gathering data under a controlled or
manipulated environment. It is also known as
true experimental design since it applies
treatment and manipulation more extensively
compared to quasi-experimental design.
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Random assignment of subjects or
participants into treatment and control
groups is done increasing the validity of
the study. Experimental research,
therefore, attempts to affect a certain
variable by directly manipulating the
independent variable.
 SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
• In gathering data for your
research using different data
gathering instruments, you
would want to choose only a
few people to interview or be
part of your study. That is the
concept of sampling.
• Population - the complete group of
people, animals, or objects that have
the same characteristics that the
research needs.
• Sample - a group of individuals that
represent the population. The
process of choosing a sample is
called sampling.
 TYPES OF
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
• Probability sampling - The
sample is selected using
random methods.
• Non-probability sampling -
The sample is selected in a
non-random way.
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Purposive Sampling
 RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
S
 INTERVIEW
• In qualitative research, doing interviews
is the most common type of instrument
that is being used. Interviews are done
by having a set of questions for your
respondents and letting them answer as
truthfully as possible.
 OBSERVATIONS
• Another data gathering instrument that
is being used most in ethnography is
observation. This happens when a
researcher observes and takes notes of
the behavior of people that they want to
be a part of their research.
QUESTIONNAIRES
• Questionnaires are also one of the most
common types of instruments that are
being used by qualitative researchers.
This is somewhat similar to interviews
based on the format of questions that are
being used.
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
• This type of data gathering instrument
focuses on groups of people being
interviewed at the same time. Put three or
more people around a table and give them
guide questions for them to discuss among
themselves. Your role as the researcher and
facilitator is to take note of their discussions.
LIKERT SCALE
• This is the most common scale
used in quantitative research.
Respondents were asked to rate
or rank statements according to
the scale provided.
 DATA
GATHERING
PROCEDURE
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
• Narrates how the researchers
administered the chosen research
instrument.
• The data gathering procedure is
presented in a paragraph format in
your research paper.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The contents are the steps you are going to
follow:
(1) before you will gather the data,
(2) what to do during the actual gathering of
data, and
(3) the things to consider after data has been
gathered.
BEFORE
• Prepare the research instruments
• Identify the authorities that will be involved
and need to ask for permission
• Determine the sample size and corresponding
respondents; per group if applicable.
• Ask consent form or parent's consent
• Pilot test the research instrument if needed.
DURING
• Clear the instructions provided to the
respondents.
• Administer the research instrument or
implement the research intervention,
if applicable.
• Collect or take note of the responses.
AFTER
• Summarize the data gathered,
in a tabular form
• Analyze the summarized data
corresponding to the research
questions.
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT
OF DATA
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• Are used to describe the overall
characteristics of a data set. This includes
measures of central tendency (mean, median,
mode) and dispersion (range, variance,
standard deviation). Descriptive statistics can
be used to generate summary reports of
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• Is used when the research study
focuses on finding predictions;
testing hypotheses; and finding
interpretations, generalizations, and
conclusions.
THANKYO
U